Nutrient Concentrations and Nutrient Ratios of Rhododendron ponticum Litter Along an Elevational Gradient
Ayhan Horuz, Hamdi Guray Kutbay, Mumin Dizman, Ahmet Tutar, Duygu Kilic, Hakan Yilmaz, Burak Surmen
Issue: 91, Pages: 1-7, Year: 2014
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2014.911
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
Litter is an important component of organic matter replenishment. Rhododendron ponticum L. is an important understory deciduous shrub species of Fagus orientalis Lipsky Forests in the Western Black Sea region. The goal of this study is to determine the effects of altitude and slope on deciduous litter traits. The relationships between litter and soil traits were also investigated with the help of numerical methods. We found that litter and soil traits were significantly changed along the elevational gradient. We also found that C (carbon) and N (nitrogen) concentrations and the C/N ratio of R. ponticum litter were lower than that of other Rhododendron species. The C/N ratios were lower at 400 m, while gradually increasing along the elevational gradient. The C/P ratio of R. ponticum litter was found to be rather high.
Keywords: C/N ratio, C/P ratio, Deciduous litter fall, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Rhododendron ponticum, Western Black Sea Region
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Hasan Kaya, Mehmet Akbulut, Kahraman Selvi, Burcu İleri, Muge Duysak
Issue: 91, Pages: 8-15, Year: 2014
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2014.912
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
In this study, the possible oxidative stress that water pollution may cause to Asellus aquaticus is evaluated using the physico-chemical parameters, the heavy metal concentration in the water, and organism and biochemical responses in the living organisms being combined together. For this purpose, the A. aquaticus samples are collected by choosing three stations along the Sarıçay Creek, some of whose regions are exposed to domestic and industrial pollution. Sampling stations are chosen from regions that are interpreted as polluted or clean according to the heavy metal content and physico-chemical parameters where the A. aquaticus individuals live. After the determination of species is performed, the heavy metal (Cu, Fe, Cd, Pb, and Zn) and biomarker (Na+/K+-ATPase, Glutathione, and TBARS) analyzes were made. According to the water quality analysis, S3 was the most polluted station, S2 was a moderately polluted station, and S1 was determined as a clean station. A considerable increase in the amount of glutathione (GSH) was detected in the S2 and S3 stations in parallel with the increase of pollution. However, there were no statistical differences in the TBARS levels as an indicator of lipid peroxidation and Na+/K+-ATPase enzyme activity. The significant increase (three-fold) of the GSH levels in the polluted areas indicates that water pollution causes oxidative stress in the A. aquaticus species. These results show that ecological, physico-chemical, and biochemical parameters can be used together to identify and evaluate the water pollution in rivers that are exposed to pollution.
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Spatial Pattern of Dissolved Organic Carbon and its Specific Ultraviolet Absorbance under Different Scales in a Wetland Complex on the Eastern Tibetan Plateau
Dan Zhu, Ning Wu, Huai Chen, Qiu’an Zhu, Yan Wu, Yongmei Zhang
Issue: 91, Pages: 16-21, Year: 2014
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2014.913
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
The concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and the specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) of peat, soil, and water samples collected from the Zoige wetlands on the eastern Tibetan Plateau in August 2008 were determined. The DOC concentration was 36.34 ± 15.27 mg L-1, falling in the range of the DOC concentration in wetlands of other regions. However, the mean SUVA of the DOC was 0.55 ± 0.33 L mg-1 m-1, showed a comparatively low aromaticity among wetlands. Significant variations of DOC concentration and their SUVA were both found under different spatial scales. The results showed that both the concentration and aromaticity of the DOC are influenced by the water table in the peatland. The significant difference of the DOC concentration among the three types of wetland showed the influence of plant growth on the DOC in the soils, and the SUVA indicated the different sources of the DOC in the different wetlands. The results also indicated that the DOC concentrations in stream water are consistent to the proportion of peatlands in the corresponding catchment.
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Effects of Imazamox on Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Mineralization under Two Different Humidity Conditions
Husniye Aka Sagliker, Nacide Kizildag, Sahin Cenkseven, Cengiz Darici, Burak Kocak, Nigar Yarpuz Bozdogan, Nebile Daglioglu
Issue: 91, Pages: 22-28, Year: 2014
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2014.914
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
Imazamox, is a herbicide intensively used in the peanut field soils of Osmaniye, Turkey with Mediterranean climate conditions. In this study, two types of soils were selected, first not exposed (NE) to Imazamox previously and the second Imazamox treated peanut soil (P). The recommended field dose [(RFD), 40 g L-1 active ingredient], 2 × RFD, and 4 × RFD of this herbicide were added to the NE and P soil. The microbial activities of the soils were measured by carbon and nitrogen mineralization under two different humidity conditions [60% and 80% of field capacity (FC)]. Carbon mineralization was determined by the CO2 respiration method at 30°C over 45 days. Mineralization ratios (%) of carbon in all herbicide doses of P humidified at 60% and 80% FC were significantly higher than all the other dose–humidity combinations of NE soils (P<0.001). Despite the NH4-N, there were significant differences between the NO3-N contents of these two soils (P≤0.05). These results showed that nitrate producing bacteria were still very sensitive to foreign compounds added to the soils. These results suggest that soil microorganisms consumed the Imazamox as C and/or N sources without being effected by different humidity conditions.
Keywords: carbon mineralization, humidity, imazamox, nitrogen mineralization, peanut
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Fatma Mutlu, Sibel Kahraman, Elif Apohan
Issue: 91, Pages: 29-35, Year: 2014
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2014.915
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
In the present study the effect of increasing the concentrations of the heavy metal cadmium (Cd) (0.1-200 ppm) on the free polyamines (PAs) level and laccase activity was studied in the white rot fungi Trametes (Coriolus) versicolor and Funalia trogii at 6 and 15 days. Spermidine (Spd) was the most abundant PA in the two white rot fungi, while Spermine (Spm), and Putrescine (Put) were found only in trace amounts or were not determined. The highest Spd levels (1952.05 μg/DW and 2391.54 μg/DW) were observed in 1 ppm Cd at 15 days of incubation in T. versicolor and F. trogii respectively. The laccase activity of both species, especially in the 15-day cultures, showed a significant increase compared to the control. The highest increase was evident at 100 ppm Cd where the laccase activity was over 19 fold higher than that of the control sample in the 15 day culture of T. versicolor. The dry biomass in the 0.1 and 1 ppm Cd concentrations showed a significant increase in T. versicolor in the six and 15 day incubation periods. In all cases, the dry biomass in both the six and 15 day cultures of F. trogii showed a significant increase compared to the control cultures. The findings gathered through this study show that Cd can amplify free Spd levels and increase laccase activity in T. versicolor and F. trogii. This increase under Cd stress suggests their possible role in combating the adverse effect of heavy metal stress.
Keywords: Cadmium, Funalia trogii, laccase, polyamines, Trametes (Coriolus) versicolor
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The Lowland Meadow Vegetation of the Central Black Sea Region of Turkey
Erkan Yalcin, Mahmut Kilinc, Hamdi Guray Kutbay, Ali Bilgin, Hasan Korkmaz
Issue: 91, Pages: 36-51, Year: 2014
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2014.916
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
The vegetation of the lowland meadows in the central Black Sea region of Turkey was analyzed according to the Braun-Blanquet method with the help of TWINSPAN clustering, CCA, and DECORANA ordination methods. Three plant associations were discovered and described in the study area as new. The most abundant and frequent life form in the associations is hemicryptophytes. The Shannon Diversity Index and Evenness was also used for calculations of the associations. The syntaxonomical status of the described associations was ordered as follows:
Molinio-Arrhenatheretea Tüxen 1937
Holoschoenetalia vulgaris Br.-Bl. ex Tchou 1948
Gaudinio-Hordeion bulbosi Galan, Deil, Haug and Vicente 1997
Alopecuro pratensis-Juncetum littoralis Yalçın et al. 2013 ass. nova
Plantaginetalia majoris Tüxen 1950
Trifolio fragiferi-Cynodontion Br.-Bl. and O. Bolòs 1958
Polypogono monspeliensis-Hordetum geniculati Yalçın et al. 2013 ass. nova
Ranunculo ophioglossifolii-Paspaletum distichi, Yalçın et al. 2013 ass. nova
Keywords: Black Sea, ecology, meadow, syntaxonomy, Turkey
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Epiphytic Bryophytes and Vegetation of the Platanus orientalis Trees in Zonguldak
Mevlut Alatas, Nevzat Batan
Issue: 91, Pages: 52-63, Year: 2014
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2014.917
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
In this study, the epiphytic bryophyte flora and vegetation of the Platanus orientalis trees, which are protected in Zonguldak, were investigated between the years 2012-2013, as a result of the investigation of 33 sampling relevés different sizes taken from the trunks of P. orientalis trees by the Braun-Blanquet method, two epiphytic bryophyte associations which belong to the Orthotrichetalia order of the Frullanio dilatatae- Leucodontetea sciuroidis class were detected. The Pylaisietum polyanthae and Syntrichietum papillosae associations were found for the first time from Turkey. The life forms and life strategies of the syntaxa examined in terms of ecological and floristic have been analyzed. Weft and cushion are dominant of the life forms while perennial stayers are dominant in the life strategies. In addition, most taxa of the floristic list are found to have mesophytic, sciophyt, and subneutrophyt as a character.
Keywords: Bryophyte, Epiphytic, Platanus orientalis, Vegetation, Zonguldak
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Investigation of the Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Effects of Artemisia annua Methanol Extract with the Allium Test
Mehmet Cengiz Karaismailoglu
Issue: 91, Pages: 64-74, Year: 2014
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2014.918
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
In this study, the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of Artemisia annua methanol extract on the root meristem cells of Allium cepa was investigated. The onion bulbs were exposed to 450, 900, 1350, and 1800 mg/mL concentrations of the extract for 3, 6, and 12 h. Distilled water was used as a negative control and ethyl methanesulfonate was used as a positive control. The test concentrations were determined according to the doses which are suggested for utilization in alternative medicine and it’s multiple. The occurring morphological changes such as reduction of root elongation and discoloration in the onion roots using the extract concentrations are as follows. The mitotic index was determined in both controls and test groups. Generally, the mitotic index decreased when increasing the extract concentration. The mitotic abnormalities were recorded as disturbed prophase, c-mitosis, vagrant chromosome, stickiness, going ahead chromosome, laggards, chromatid bridges, and fragment formation in the anaphase. In this manuscript, the occurrence of chromosomal abnormalities, cell death, and impairments in the cell membrane by Artemisia annua extract has been indicated for the first time. Thus, the cytotoxic and genotoxic potency of A. annua extract with different tests were assessed by using the root tip cells of A. cepa, and the use of a determined non-toxic dose was recommended.
Keywords: Allium test, Artemisia annua, chromosome aberrations, cytotoxicity, genotoxicity
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Improved Dyeing Properties of Chrome-Tanned Leathers and Parameters of the Waste Water Using Chitosan Formate
Ahmet Aslan
Issue: 91, Pages: 75-82, Year: 2014
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2014.919
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
This study investigated the characteristics and dyeing fastness of chrome-tanned bovine leathers. Chitosan formate was applied to the leathers in four different proportions. The dye exhaustion and tensile strength of the leathers increased as the proportion of chitosan formate increased, and the highest levels of both dye exhaustion and tensile strength were obtained in an application at a proportion of 200% solution containing 2.5% chitosan on the basis of leather weight. In addition, chitosan formate was found to improve the pollution parameters of dyeing effluents such as chemical oxygen demand, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, salinity, and electrical conductivity.
Keywords: chitosan formate, chrome-tanned leather, dyeing, tensile strength, chemical oxygen demand
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Eco-Leather: Properties of Chromium-Free Leathers Produced with Titanium Tanning Materials Obtained from the Wastes of the Metal Industry
Mehmet Mete MUTLU, Marian Crudu, Stelian Sergiu MAIER, Dana DESELNICU, Luminita Albu, Gurbuz Gulumser, Behzat Oral Bitlisli, Bahri Basaran, Cemile Ceren Tosun, Arife Candas ADIGUZEL ZENGIN
Issue: 91, Pages: 83-90, Year: 2014
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2014.9110
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
In this research, a new titanium tanning agent (TMW/2) obtained from the wastes of the metal industry was investigated in the production of chromium free eco-leather, by experimenting with various amounts of tanning agent and comparing the physical and chemical properties of the tanned leathers. The tanning process was performed with different concentrations of active titanium tanning material such as 1%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10%. The titanium content, chromium oxide content, formaldehyde content, shrinkage temperature, pH value, ash content, and fat content of the tanned leathers were investigated for the determination of chemical characterization. The tensile strength, elongation at break, tear strength, and colour measurement tests were also carried out for investigating the physical properties. The titanium tanned leathers had a mean shrinkage temperature of 79.5oC and more yellowish colour than the chromium tanned leathers. Their tensile strength properties were found similar with chromium leathers, while the elongation at break was found to be lower and tearing resistance was higher. The usage amount of 2.5% could be perfectly advised for the tanning process based on the titanium tanning material for achieving optimal properties required from different leather types such as upholstery, automotive and shoe upper leathers. Consequently, our results showed that this new titanium tanning agent could be used as an alternative tanning material in the production of chromium free eco-leathers considering the visual, physical, and chemical properties of resultant leathers.
Keywords: chromium-free leathers, metal industry wastes, titanium tanning material
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Investigation of Boron Pollution in the Gediz River
Orkide Minareci
Issue: 91, Pages: 91-97, Year: 2014
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2014.9111
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to determine the concentration of boron in the waters of the Gediz River. According to the results, the boron concentrations ranged from 0.125 to 4.548 mg/L. The average boron value (2.428 mg/L) was compared with “Environmental Regulations, Water Pollution Control Regulations and Quality Criteria for Inland Water Resources by Class”. The Gediz River was determined as class IV (very polluted) in terms of the boron parameters. It was concluded that the reason for the high boron values were natural and/or industrial discharges at some stations.
Keywords: boron, Gediz River, water pollution
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Production and Use of Heteroptera Predators for the Biological Control of Eucalyptus Pests in Brazil
Jose Cola ZANUNCIO, Wagner de Souza TAVARES, Bianca Vique FERNANDES, Carlos Frederico WILCKEN, Teresinha Vinha ZANUNCIO
Issue: 91, Pages: 98-104, Year: 2014
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2014.9112
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
The Asopinae predators of Eucalyptus spp. (Myrtaceae) pests in Brazil include Brontocoris tabidus, Podisus distinctus, Podisus nigrispinus, and Supputius cincticeps (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). These insects feed on the larvae and pupae of Coleoptera and Lepidoptera defoliators. Asopinae predators are reared in the laboratory in wooden cages with wood screens on the upper and lateral sides and the front closed with a glass door, whereas, in the field they are raised in organza bags with branches of Eucalyptus spp. or Psidium guajava (Myrtaceae). An alternative prey, such as Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) pupae and Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae), or Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) larvae, or the natural prey Anticarsia gemmatalis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and Thyrinteina arnobia and Thyrinteina leucocerae (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) caterpillars may be provided to the nymphs of predators in cages and/or rearing bags. Vallourec & Mannesmann Forest Ltda. has two laboratories to mass rear M. domestica to produce annually 300,000 individuals of P. nigrispinus which are released with or without pests in the field. In the first case, predators are released after detection of the pest by a monitoring process, which is the first major step in integrated pest management (IPM). This predator is efficient when the pest population level is below the economic injury level, i.e., nine caterpillars/100 leaves of Eucalyptus spp. Releasing are made in outbreaks every 10 m and the population increase of this predator can control pests. Podisus nigrispinus usually prey on 4-5 first and second instars larvae or 2-3 fourth and fifth instar caterpillars per day. Asopinae predators are reared and released in the field to control pests in the Eucalyptus spp. plantations of the Vallourec & Mannesmann Forest Ltda. in Brazil.
Keywords: Asopinae, biodiversity, biological control, predators, sustainability
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