Distribution and Contamination of Heavy Metals in the Surface Sediments of Ambarlı Port Area (Istanbul, Turkey)
Erol Sari, Selma Unlu, Resat Apak, Nurgul Balci, Birsen Koldemir
Issue: 90, Pages: 1-9, Year: 2014
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2014.901
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
The geochemical characteristics of the surface sediments of the Ambarlı Port in Istanbul providing service for over 43.000 ships in the last decade are basically unknown. In this study, The distribution of total carbonate and metals in sediments was investigated and geochemical forms of the sediment-associated metals assessed to identify their possible sources. Metal contamination levels of sediments were evaluated with the aid of enrichment factor (EF) and index of geoaccumulation (Igeo) calculations. The degree of pollution in surface sediments yielded the Igeo ranking: Zn > Pb> Cr > Cu > As > Fe > Ni=Al >V, essentially not revealing pollution by Al, As, Fe, Ni and V. The highest Igeo and EF levels of Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn were found at the nearest station to Ambarlı Port, indicating port activities as the source. Sequential selective leaching tests confirmed that As, Cr and Fe were mostly found in the residual phase, whereas Cu, Ni, Pb, V and Zn were mainly associated with the non-residual phase, possibly indicating the potentially higher mobility of the latter ions than those inherited from parent geological material. Based on statistical approaches, anthropogenic and natural geological factors were identified controlling the heavy metal variability in the sediments. This research is the first of its kind ever carried out in the Ambarlı Port Area of Turkey.
Keywords: Ambarlı Port, enrichment factor, geoaccumulation index, heavy metals, sediment pollution
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Sule Orman, Huseyin Ok, Mustafa Kaplan
Issue: 90, Pages: 10-19, Year: 2014
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2014.902
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
Alfalfa (Medicago Sativa) was grown by mixing sewage sludge at 0 (control soil), 20 (SSA2), 40 (SSA4), 60 (SSA6), and 80 (SSA8) t ha-1(w/w) amendment ratios to the soil. The soil pH decreased but, the electrical conductivity, organic matter, total N, available and total P, exchangeable and total K and Na, exchangeable Mg, DTPA-extractable Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Ni, Pb, and total Zn, Cu, Cr, and Pb increased in the soil.
The shoot P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, and root N, P, K, Na, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Ni, and Cr concentrations increased but the root Mg concentration decreased in the plant. The translocation factor (TF) for Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu (nutrients) increased at SSA2 and SSA4 as compared to SSA6, SSA8, and control soil. The TF was mostly higher than 1 for Zn, Cu, and Mn and for Fe it was lower than 1. The TF for Ni, Cr, and Pb (non-nutrients) was the highest in the control soil. The TF was lower than 1 for Ni and Cr in all treatments. For Pb it was more than 1 at SSA2, SSA4, and the control soil. The shoot bioconcentration factor (BCF) for Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu at SSA2 and SSA4 were mostly higher than SSA6, SSA8, and the control soil. While the root BCF for Fe, Mn, Ni, and Cr were highest at SSA8, for Cu it was highest in the control soil. Both shoot and root BCF for all elements at all treatments were lower than 1. The total fresh and dried biomasses increased at SSA2, SSA4, and SSA6 compared to the control soil, however, they were reduced by SSA8. The tolerance index (TIN) was greater than 100% for SSA2, SSA4, and SSA6. Although, the TIN was higher than 100% at SSA6, the value was lower than SSA2 and SSA4. It indicates that the plants are stressed at the amendments of sewage sludge at more than 40 ton ha-1 to the soil.
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Suphi Oncel
Issue: 90, Pages: 20-32, Year: 2014
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2014.903
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
The aim of this work is to use optimization as a tool for scale up in airlift bioreactors and apply this approach to a real life process. To put this approach into practice, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a green microalgae, was used as a model microorganism. The effects of the design parameters on the performance of the bioreactors were monitored through the changes in mixing and circulation times. As the first step, the effective parameters (draft tube diameter and height, water level over the draft tube, volumetric flow rate of air, and sparger-draft tube distance) in the 1.1 L airlift bioreactor were determined and optimized by the 5-factor, 3-level Box-Behnken design for response surface methodology. A draft tube with a 38-250 mm dimension was selected resulting in a mixing time of 9.94 s with a 1.05 L min-1 air flow rate. In the second step the optimized values were applied to a larger airlift bioreactor of 11 L for C. reinhardtii productions. Comparable biomass productivities (0.87-0.90 g L-1 day-1) and doubling times (25-27 h) in both systems was a good indication of the success of the scale-up approach.
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Lepidium sativum Cultivation in Organic Fertilizer Added Hazelnut Husk Compost
Gulnur Karaal, Atnan Ugur
Issue: 90, Pages: 33-39, Year: 2014
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2014.904
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
This study was carried out under Ordu ecological conditions in an unheated plastic tunnel type greenhouse between 2008-2009 production seasons. In this study, the effect of growth medium of natural hazelnut husk compost enriched with organic fertilizer at different ratio on cultivation of garden cress was researched. Organic fertilizer was added to hazelnut husk compost (adjusted to by volume 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%) in the manner that nitrogen would be 1%, 2%, 3% and 4% by using the nitrogen content of growth medium as a base. Natural hazelnut husk was accepted as a control application. In the study which was coordinated as a pot trial, each pot was examined as a replication and the study was carried out according to randomized parcels base design with three replications. In the study, seed plantings (2 g/m2) were made in two different seasons; spring and autumn. Autumn planting was made in 10 September 2008 and spring planting was made in 28 April 2009. Plants were harvested two times for each two seasons. After harvest was finished, plant yield, leaf width, leaf length, vitamin C and leaf color (chroma, hue) values were determined. In the study, organic fertilizer applications statistically increased yield and leaf quality. In terms of yield value, 2% N application with 2052 g/m2 gave the highest yield. Yield and leaf width values were higher in the first harvests. All fertilizer applications increased garden cress width and length. Amount of vitamin C increased 80% according to the control in 2% N application. Fertilizer addition created more green leaves on plants. Usage of organic fertilizer added natural hazelnut husk in the cultivation of garden cress is important in terms of both plant yield and quality improvement, and environmental sustainability.
Keywords: color, hazelnut husk compost, Lepidium sativum, organic fertilizer, yield
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Investigating Some Physical Properties of Composite Board, Produced from Sunflower Stalks, Designed Horizontally
Fatih Tuncay Efe, Mehmet Hakki Alma
Issue: 90, Pages: 40-48, Year: 2014
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2014.905
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to investigate the usage possibilities of sunflower stalks in the manufacturing of alternative insulation board, which are left as waste (agro-fiber wastes), in the fields and are useless except for firing like a lot of agricultural wastes in Turkey and in the world every year. The sunflower stalks were designed horizontally to produce the board, and its physical properties were compared to the honeycomb- shaped composite board filled with kraft paper (Control board). Urea formaldehyde (UF) resin, Melamine Urea Formaldehyde (MUF) resin, and the D2 (PVA based) adhesives were employed for producing the composite boards. The physical properties [Chemical analysis, specific gravity, SEM, TGA, sound and heat insulations, ultrasonic pulse, LOI (limiting oxygen index), and combustion characteristics] of all the insulation boards were studied.
The average specific gravity value, weight loss determined by TGA, heat insulation ratio, heat conductivity coefficient, sound insulation ratio, ultrasonic transmission speed value, LOI values (for the wooden part + core and wooden part), and weight loss ratio found by the combustion test were 0.29 g/cm3, 90.40%, 51%, 0.045 W/mK, 24.03%, 0.46 mm/μs, (28 and 30.5), and 91.72%, respectively.
As a result, the composite insulation board was observed to be better than the control board since it presented a higher specific gravity value, higher insulation ratio, lower heat conductivity coefficient, higher sound insulation ratio, lower ultrasonic transmission speed value, and better combustion characteristics with respect to the control board.
Keywords: agro-fiber wastes, composite, insulation, sunflower stalk
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Determination of the Noise Pollution on University (Education) Campuses: a Case study of Ataturk University
Serkan Ozer, Murat Zengin, Hasan Yilmaz
Issue: 90, Pages: 49-54, Year: 2014
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2014.906
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
Noise pollution is among the most prominent environmental problems encountered in every aspect of daily life. The effect of noise pollution is the cause of a variety of serious health hazards. Special care should be taken to prevent noise pollution especially in areas which are sensitive to noise such as hospitals, parks, and educational institutions. One such area is the university campus; however, very little research has been conducted on this subject. In the present study, noise levels were measured on the Ataturk University campus in Erzurum, Turkey. Results of the study revealed that the average noise level was 62.70 dB(A) exceeding 55 dB(A), which is an average permitted value. A map was created to indicate the noise levels throughout the campus. This map is available for use as a reference in the planning phases of new universities. Noise mitigation should be considered in the planning phases of new university campuses.
Keywords: barriers, Erzurum, noise map, noise pollution, University campus
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The Activities of the Little Egret (Egretta garzetta) and Night Heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) in Their Colonies During the Breeding Season
Ali Uzun, Selma Helli
Issue: 90, Pages: 55-60, Year: 2014
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2014.907
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
In this study we have investigated the behaviors of the Little Egret and Night Heron during the breeding season at Poyrazlar Lake (SAKARYA) located in North-West Turkey (40°50’N, 30°28’E). The Ardeid colony consists of 330 adults; 150 of which are Night Heron (45.45%) and 180 are Little Egrets (54.55%). The breeding period starts at the end of March and lasts till the end of August. Neither the Night Herons nor the Little Egrets become active in the breeding period simultaneously. Due to the fact that the Little Egret is a species that is active in daytime and the Night Heron is active at night, making colonial activity continuous throughout the day and night (24 hours). While this situation limits the competition between the species, it provides advantages in terms of breeding success and colonial life.
Keywords: breeding, daylight, little egret, night heron, temperature
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Phytoplankton Distribution and its Relationship to the Physico-Chemical Environment in a Coastal Lagoon
Fatma Colak Sabanci
Issue: 90, Pages: 61-72, Year: 2014
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2014.908
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
The spatio-temporal variation of the phytoplankton community structure and the environmental factors that affect its distribution and the changes in Homa Lagoon were examined. Sampling took place monthly at four stations between December 2006 and December 2007. During the study period, a total of 58 taxa of which 52 were used as active taxa in the numerical analysis (relative abundance>1%) were from four algal classes, Cyanophyceae, Dinophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, and Euglenophyceae. In general, the most important groups were diatoms and dinoflagellates in terms of species numbers and abundance. The mean Shannon-Weaver’s diversity index (H') and Pielou evenness index (J') values were 2.35 and 0.83, respectively. An abundance of the bloom of certain phytoplankton species, especially Cylindrotheca closterium and Navicula sp., was thought to be the cause of the low diversity index and evenness values. Although nitrogen was thought to be limiting in temperate regions, phosphorus was a limiting factor on the phytoplankton growth in the Homa Lagoon because of the correlation between the abundance and N/P ratio. The relationship between the phytoplankton communities and 10 environmental variables were researched using a canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). According to the Monte Carlo unrestricted permutation test, the temperature and nitrate concentration were the most important variables in accounting for species distribution.
Keywords: abundance, canonical correspondence analysis, dominant species, phytoplankton, species diversity
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A New Analytical Method for the Determination of Phenolic Compounds and Their Antioxidant Activities in Different Wheat Grass Varieties
Tugba Akcan Kardas, Inci Durucasu
Issue: 90, Pages: 73-80, Year: 2014
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2014.909
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
In this work, the phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of wheat grass, Turkish Amber Durum wheat was studied. For this purpose Turkish Amber Durum wheat was germinated at three different times (15, 30 and 40 days). All the wheat samples sprouted in the same organic conditions and then dried with air and without sunlight and placed into an incubator at 50°C overnight. The dried and milled amber wheat grass was extracted with ethyl acetate and compared for their antioxidant capacities against the 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH.) radical, and at the same time the total phenolic content (TPC) was determined. Phenolic compounds in the extracts were examined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In this study, by using a new method, nine standards were separately detected within 50 min by using the HPLC system, as previously reported by other authors.
The major phenolics, identified in the wheat grass that consisted of ferulic acid, gallic acid, caffeic acid, p- coumaric acid, ellagic acid, benzoic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, syringic acid, quercetin and bha (butylated hydroxyanisole). The highest antioxidant and antiradical activities were detected in Turkish Amber wheat that sprouted in 15 days. This study demonstrates that the importance of wheat grass is due to its high antioxidant activity. Consumption of wheat grass has positive effects on human health such as reduced risk of coronary heart diseases, certain type of cancers and stroke. Due to the high antioxidant effect of wheat grass the aim is to use it as a food preservative. When wheat grass will be used as a natural food preservative, carcinogenic effects of synthetic food preservatives for body would be preserved.
Keywords: antioxidant activity, HPLC, phenolic compounds, scavenging of DPPH radical, total phenolic content, wheat grass
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Teucrium as a Novel Discovered Hyperaccumulator for the Phytoextraction of Ni-contaminated Soils
Mehmet Yaman
Issue: 90, Pages: 81-89, Year: 2014
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2014.9010
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
The success of phytoextraction, a promising new method that uses green plants to detoxify metals, depends upon the identification of suitable plant species that hyperaccumulate heavy metals in their above ground parts. In this study, the roots and above ground parts of the Teucrium polium plants grown in serpentine and non-serpentine soils as well as soil samples were analyzed for their Ni and Co concentrations. The Ni concentrations between 9,678 and 14,110 mg kg-1 in above ground parts of Teucrium polium plants grown in serpentine soils were found together with the translocation factors between 2.23 and 3.23, and enrichment coefficients between 5.9 and 9.2. The cobalt concentrations in the same samples were found to be in the ranges of 3.1 and 6.4 mg kg-1 together with the translocation factors 2.8 and 15, and with enrichment coefficients of 0.01 and 0.03. The Ni/Co-ratios in the ammonium chloride and ammonium acetate extracts of the soils were found to be higher than 4 and 10 fold for the serpentine soils, respectively, while the values were below or about 1-fold for both the extracts of the non-serpentine soils. The ratios of Ni/Co concentrations in the roots and aboveground parts of Teucrium polium grown in the serpentine soil were significantly higher (up to 12,857-times) than the ratios for Teucrium polium grown in the non-serpentine soils (up to 8.1-times). These values are highly important and the original results. Consequently, Teucrium polium, a new hyperaccumulator plant for nickel, has been discovered and suggested for phytoextraction of Ni in contaminated soils.
Keywords: Cobalt, hyperaccumulator, nickel, phytoextraction, Teucrium polium
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The Activity of Oxygenic Photosynthetic Microbial Consortia on Different Granites
Ayten Ozturk, Zeki Karaca, Tuba Unsal
Issue: 90, Pages: 90-96, Year: 2014
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2014.9011
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
Deterioration of stone is a combined process caused by physical, chemical and biological factors especially, microbial growth. Various microorganisms are playing a key role in the weathering of historical artifacts, buildings, and monuments made of granite, marble, and other dimension stones. In this study, the biodeterioration of three types granite, Blue Pearl from Norway, Pergamon Grey from Turkey, and Rosa Porrino from Spain were studied for thirty days under laboratory conditions. The results showed that two of the granite surfaces, Pergamon Grey and Rosa Porrino, supported a heavy colonization of phototrophic microbial consortia. These results also showed that filamentous phototrophic microorganisms were dominant on the surfaces of the granites and indicated that the porosity, the availability of water and chemical composition of the granite have encouraged colonization and caused modification on the surfaces. The filamentous aggregates, possibly calcified fibrillar bodies in the inner parts of granites were also detected by SEM studies.
Keywords: biodeterioration, cyanobacteria, granite, photosynthetic microorganism
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