Heavy Metal Accumulation in the Edible Parts of Some Cultivated Plants and Media Samples from a Volcanic Region in Southern Turkey
Coskun Saglam
Issue: 86, Pages: 1-8, Year: 2013
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2013.861
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
The concentration levels of ten different heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, and Zn) were investigated in the soils and the edible parts of six different cultivated plants (Brassica oleracea var. capitata, Portulaca oleracea, Vitis vinifera, Raphanus sativus, Phaseolus vulgaris, and Vigna unguiculata subsp. unguiculata) from the Isparta region in southern Turkey, where volcanic soils are present. The heavy metal content of the samples was determined by ICP-AES (Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometer) and plant translocation factors (TF) were also calculated. Both soil and plant samples had significant differences in heavy metal concentrations. The mean heavy metal contents in soil samples decreased in the order of Fe>Mn>Zn>Cu>Pb>Mo>Ni>Cr>Cd>Co. The concentrations of Cd and Pb exceeded their respective permissible limits in soil samples; however, their accumulation in plants was lower due to the physical and chemical properties of the soils, which prevented their translocation to the plants. The TF values of Mo are highest in all plants except P. oleracea and the Mn concentration is highest in P. oleracea. Comparisons of the present results to those of others in related literature indicated that only Mn was above the accepted levels in P. oleracea.
Keywords: cultivated plants, heavy metal, Isparta, volcanic soil
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Safak Ceylan, Muzeyyen Secer, Omer Lutfu Elmaci
Issue: 86, Pages: 9-18, Year: 2013
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2013.862
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
In this study seven different applications were performed with the residues of tomato paste factories, green tomatoes, cold processed tomatoes, paprika wastes, ashes of milk processing, and urban wastes in a field experiment on potato growth. The residues were combined with the mineral N, P, K fertilizer as soil amendments. These wastes were applied to the soil and allowed to compost for five months before the Solanum tuberosum cv. Marabel were planted. During vegetation the K and B minerals in the soil decreased whereas, Na increased. The nitrogen, Zn, and B of the leaves were below adequate levels. The iron in the leaves was above adequacy and Cr was under the critical value. The green tomato and paprika wastes had a diminishing effect on leaf Cd. The paprika paste wastes with the addition of minerals N and P increased many elements in the tubers to the highest level by fresh weight. Co and Pb were considerably higher by the dry weight of the tubers than most of the given values. The tuber yield was greatest with “Mineral K +Wastes N, P”. Tubers with a diameter >55 mm were affected by the treatments significantly and “Wastes Only” was the most effective treatment. “Waster K+Mineral N, P” had a dominating effect on all of the quality parameters of the tubers.
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The Heavy Metal Content in Chicken Eggs Consumed in Van Lake Territory
Husrev Demirulus
Issue: 86, Pages: 19-25, Year: 2013
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2013.863
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to determine some heavy metal concentrations of eggs obtained from Van lake territory. Samples of hen egg were collected from 27 farms distributed in Van province, Turkey to analyze the contents of Zn, Cu, Cd, Mn, and Ni in albumen and yolk with Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The average concentrations of heavy metals were found as follows: Zn: 35.6 ppm and 42.2 ppm in yolk, 4.3 ppm and 7.4 ppm in albumen; Cu: 2.7 ppm and 10.5 ppm in yolk, 7.0 ppm and 1.5 ppm in albumen; Cd: 0.34 ppm and 1.24 ppm in yolk, 0.31 ppm and 1.25 ppm in albumen; Mn: 1.9 ppm and 6.8 ppm in yolk, 2.0 ppm and 4.5 ppm in albumen; Ni: 1.7 ppm and 3.1 ppm in yolk, 2.8 ppm and 3.7 ppm in albumen respectively. The calculated amounts of Cd in hen egg suggest that the eggs are safe in terms of four metals when compared with WHO-FAO provisional tolerated amount. Eggs are rich sources of Zn, Cu, Mn, and Ni generally.
Keywords: Albumen, cadmium, copper, Hen Eggs, manganese, nickel, yolk, Zinc
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Improving the Dyeing Properties of Vegetable Tanned Leathers Using Chitosan Formate
Ahmet Aslan
Issue: 86, Pages: 26-35, Year: 2013
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2013.864
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
This study examined the characteristics and dyeing fastness of sheep skins that had been tanned with two different vegetal tannins: hydrolysable tara and condensed quebracho tannins. After tanning, chitosan formate was applied to the leathers in four different proportions. The dye exhaustion and tensile strengths of the leathers increased as the proportion of chitosan formate increased, and the highest levels of both dye exhaustion and tensile strength were obtained in an application at a proportion of 200% on the basis of leather weight. Leathers treated with chitosan formate had slightly higher tensile strength values than the control leathers. In addition, chitosan formate was found to improve waste water parameters such as chemical oxygen demand, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, salinity, and electrical conductivity.
Keywords: Chitosan formate, dyeing, leather, quebracho, tara
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Spatio-Temporal Trend Analysis of the Depth and Salinity of the Groundwater, Using Geostatistics Integrated with GIS, of the Menemen Irrigation System, Western Turkey
Bekir Sitki Karatas, Gokhan Camoglu, Muhibullah Kirami Olgen
Issue: 86, Pages: 36-47, Year: 2013
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2013.865
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
A rise in the level of the water table to the effective root zone results in decreasing yields because of salinity and sodicity, and eventually such areas cannot be cultivated. For sustainable irrigated agriculture, the salinity and level of the water table should be monitored continuously and held within tolerable limits.
The aim of this study was to evaluate spatial and temporal changes in the salinity and level of the water table in the command area of the Menemen Irrigation System for the years 1995-2006 using geostatistical methods integrated with GIS. The salinity and level of the water table in the study area were evaluated in terms of both spatial and temporal variation.
Trend analyses of these values were performed using the Mann-Kendall test. The non-parametric Sen’s Slope Estimator was used to calculate the magnitudes of the trends. A risk map of the study area was formed by performing geostatistical analyses by GIS, based on the intensity of the trend. It was observed that there was no current problem with the depth and salinity of the groundwater in the study area in general, but that there would be a potential risk of a problem in the future.
Keywords: geostatistics, GIS, groundwater, Mann-Kendall, trend analysis
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Ayamama Deresi’nin Marmara Denizi’ne Deşarj Alanındaki Bakteriyolojik Kirlilik Düzeyinin İncelenmesi
Sevan Gurun, Ayten Kimiran Erdem
Issue: 86, Pages: 48-57, Year: 2013
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2013.866
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
In this study seawater samples were taken from Ayamama stream’s discharge point and from around of its six different areas every 15 days, and were examined in terms of bacteria such as faecal coliform, total coliform, faecal streptococci, Salmonella spp. and total mezophilic aerobic heterotrophic bacteria from May 2007 to April 2008. It is found that in all of the seven areas from which samples were taken, bacteria counts found are over seawater quality standards. It is found that the area in the best condition is station 6 which is far away 1 km from discharge point and the worst one is station 1 which is discharge point of the Ayamama stream to Marmara sea. Also, it is determined that the number of indicator bacteria show difference depending on months and seasons. Furthermore, a hierarchical ascendant cluster analysis was used to classify the sampling stations into similar groups. Dendograms obtained from cluster analysis has revealed that stations which are far away 500 m discharge point, in front of Air Force Academy (Yeşilköy), an four-star hotel and Yesilyurt sports club were similar at the first level in terms of the number of faecal coliform, total coliform, faecal streptococci and Salmonella spp. However, station 6 which is far away 1 km from discharge point was similar at the second level. As a result, when all findings were examined it was seen that Ayamama stream was a very serious threat for the sea of Marmara.
Keywords: Faecal coliform, faecal streptococci, water pollution
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Kirlenmiş Topraklardan Kurşun Giderimine Farklı EDTA Tuzlarının Etkisi
Aydeniz Demir, Nurcan Koleli
Issue: 86, Pages: 58-67, Year: 2013
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
Heavy metal pollution in soils is a serious environmental problem and should be remediated. Soil washing remediation techniques usually remove the labile heavy metal species from the soil and have potential as an effective method. The soil washing technique using acids, bases or chelating agents remains still one of the conventional approaches. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of some chelating agents on the removal of Pb from the contaminated soils. The most commonly and traditional used ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (Na2EDTA) was compared to FeEDTA and ZnEDTA for their ability to remove Pb from artifically contaminated two soils (Soil 1 and Soil 2) and a highly-contaminated soil (Soil 3). To determine the most efficient method, batch washing experiments were conducted with Na2EDTA, FeEDTA, and ZnEDTA at different concentrations (0.01, 0.05 and 0.1 M) and solid (m) to liquid (v) ratios (1:5, 1:10, and 1:20). Results showed that the removal efficiency of Pb from soil increased with increasing EDTA concentrations, and the efficiency of chelating agents used for Pb removal decreased in the order Na2EDTA > FeEDTA > ZnEDTA. The maximum Pb removal were obtained with the solid-liquid ratio of 1:20 in 0.1 M Na2EDTA. Lead removal was achieved 77% for Soil 1, 68% for Soil 2, and 99% for Soil 3 with 0.1 M Na2EDTA at 1:20 solid to liquid ratio. The results obtained from batch experiments which taking into account total concentrations of Soil 2 (1047 mg kg-1) and Soil 3 (28130 mg kg-1) for the 0.05 M Na22EDTA, ZnEDTA and FeEDTA washing solutions, Pb complexes in the soil compared with FITEQL program and the experimental findings were consistent with the model.
Keywords: EDTA, removal, contaminated soil, lead, chelating agent, washing
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Berdan Çayı (Tarsus - Mersin) Sedimentinde Ağır Metal Düzeylerinin Araştırılması
Ozgur Ozbay, Munir Ziya Lugal Goksu, Mehmet Tahir Alp, Mehmet Ali Sungur
Issue: 86, Pages: 68-74, Year: 2013
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2013.868
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
In the study, samples were seasonally taken from Berdan River- which is one of the major rivers in the province of Mersin -and accumulation levels of heavy metals such as Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Manganese (Mn), Nickel (Ni), Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb), Iron (Fe) and Aluminum (Al) were determined in sediment samples
According to results of the study, heavy metal accumulation levels in the sediment Fe; 18521.91 μg/g, Al;12907.70 μg/g, Mn; 377.40 μg/g, Ni; 167.68 μg/g, Cr; 57.81 μg/g, Zn; 45.59 μg/g, Cu; 28.38 μg/g, Pb;
22.82 μg/g and Cd; 4.54 μg/g were fasten down and heavy metals were in the sequence as follows: Fe>Al>Mn>Ni>Cr>Zn>Cu>Pb>Cd. Finally, it has been observed that Berdan River is under the threat of pollution.
Keywords: Berdan River, heavy metals, sediment
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Atık Manyezit Tozlarının Geri Kazanımı
Necmettin Erdogan
Issue: 86, Pages: 75-83, Year: 2013
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2013.869
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
Each year in Turkey, thousands of tons of magnesite ore is subjected to heat treatment. For this operation, billion of tons of magnesite ore is produced and beneficiation. Crushing process which is occur an important department of beneficiation plants, are produce as very thin waste powder magnesite which is average %25 of feed raw ore. So far, the amount of this type of material, approximately 500,000 tons of waste is known to be stocked. This material is 80% smaller than 165 microns, and average grain size d50 is 79 microns. This stock is very difficult to fine-sized material harm to the environment is inevitable. The purpose of this study, produced in large quantities so thin, the waste powder material, is investigate the possibilities of recovery, at the same time the material is to prevent harm to the environment.
In this study, high purity Mg(OH)2 production from fine waste magnesite powder was investigated. In experimental studies, the leaching method is used. The products obtained are repeated conditions. Chemical analysis is made to determine of the product compounds. According to the results of chemical analysis, the product compounds, Mg(OH)2:99.35%, SiO2:0.15%, CaO:0.50% is seen from obtained. These results show that high-purity Mg(OH)2 will be produced. In addition, the aimed to determine of the product characterization were made XRD analysis. According to XRD analysis results show that the product name is Brucite.
Keywords: Brucite, hydroxide, leaching of chlorine, magnesium Mg(OH)2, waste magnesia powder
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Multivariate Regression Analysis for Ground-Level Ozone Modeling in Kurupelit, Samsun, Turkey
Andac Akdemir, Ummukulsum Ozel, Osman Nuri Ergun
Issue: 86, Pages: 84-89, Year: 2013
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2013.8610
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
In this study, the multivariate linear regression was described by the hourly frequency distributions of continuous measurements using meteorological variables and ozone levels. The ambient O3 concentration of was monitored continuously in the town of Kurupelit, Samsun, Turkey for one year (2005–2006). The meteorological variables were temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, solar radiation, and ambient pressure. A negative association was observed between O3 and temperature a weak relationship (r2=0,289), and between O3 and solar radiation a weak relationship (r2=0,102). The data from the continuous monitoring of O3 shows a negative correlation with relative humidity and atmospheric pressure.
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Comparing the In-Vitro Biodegradation Kinetics of Commercial and Synthesized Polycaprolactone Films in Different Enzyme Solutions
Erhan Ozsagiroglu, Banu İyisan, Yuksel Avcibasi Guvenilir
Issue: 86, Pages: 90-96, Year: 2013
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2013.8611
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
In the present work, the biodegradation behaviors were compared and calculated for a commercial polycaprolactone and a synthesized polycaprolactone (PCL) in different enzyme solutions. The enzymes were esterase, lipolase, and savinase which are in the hydrolase class; the enzyme solutions were prepared one by one as an enzyme cocktail solution. Degradation experiments were carried out at 37°C and a pH
7.4. Two quantitative methods were used to follow the biodegradation. All samples were characterized by gel permeation chromatography and Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy. The weight and bond structures were recorded during the period of biodegradation. The degradation rates constant (k) values of all the experiments were evaluated from the changes in the number average of the molecular weight. The results showed that the lipolase enzyme solutions could erode polymer films, but that the esterase enzyme solution could only decrease molecular weights of polymers and enzyme solutions which include savinase which had lower erosion times than the other enzyme cocktails. Degradation rates for the decreasing of molecular weight and changing of polymer chains was very different between commercial and synthesized polymer films. Molecular weight change rates of synthesized PCL samples were higher than the commercial PCL.
Keywords: biodegradable polymers, degradation kinetics, enzyme cocktail solutions, enzymatic degradation, polycaprolactone
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