Accumulation of Trace Elements and the Assessment of the Genotoxicity in the Lichen Pseudevernia furfuracea Transplanted to a Polluted Site in Ankara
Demet Cansaran-Duman, Sumer Aras, Orhan Atakol, Ilknur Atasoy
Issue: 85, Pages: 1-14, Year: 2012
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2012.851
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
In this study, our aim is to describe the heavy metal contents of Pseudevernia furfuracea lichen samples exposed to various polluted areas in the province of Ankara, Turkey. P. furfuracea lichen samples were collected from the Yenice Forest in Karabük and were transported in bags to different sites in Ankara. The heavy metal concentrations of P. furfuracea were analyzed by an inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) technique. In addition, DNA alterations in the exposed lichen samples were described by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis, in order to reveal the pattern of genetic variations influenced by the various environmental pollutants. Genomic template stabilities (GTS) were calculated from the changes in the RAPD profiles and compared with the element content in the P. furfuracea lichen sample. The results obtained from chemical analysis were accumulated species of all the heavy metals in P. furfuracea. Kızılay and Sıhhıye showed the highest lead (Pb) levels, with values of 47.003 μgg–1 after three months and 52.800 μgg–1 after six months, which were significantly higher than the control site of 2.270 μgg–1. These high readings might be due to significantly high human activities, together with high vehicular density and congestion and other various pollutants, including SO2 and NH3. Results of the RAPD assay showed that the number of band appearances and disappearances were the highest in the samples collected from the Mamak district after three months of exposure and from Dışkapı after six months of exposure. The results indicated that accumulating trace elements and DNA variations observed by RAPD analysis were the highest in the samples exposed after six month.
Keywords: biomonitoring, heavy metals, genotoxicity, lichens, RAPD
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Dasylirion cedrosanum Trelease (Nolinaceae) Density Varies Depending on Elevation and Slope in the Northeast of Zacatecas, Mexico
Alfredo Robles-Esparza, Hermes Robles-Berumen, Fidel Blanco-Macias, Martin Martinez-Salvador, Ricardo David Valdez-Cepeda
Issue: 85, Pages: 15-25, Year: 2012
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2012.852
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
There is little or no specific and concise information on the ecological conditions which constrain distribution, abundance, and density of Dasylirion cedrosanum Trelease keeping in mind that such knowledge is indispensable to promote and support plantations and reforestation programs in order to confront the consequences of a possible depletion of natural populations. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate
D. cedrosanum density as related to ecological factors such as latitude, longitude, altitude, slope, soil texture fractions, pH, electric conductivity, available nitrogen and phosphorus contents, and organic matter content on a xerophytic scrub in the northeast of the Mexico’s state of Zacatecas. Data from 41 square–shaped sampling units of 1.000 m2 each from an area of 2.422.2 ha where altitude varies from 2.000 to 2.356 masl, and slope inclination changes from moderate (5.5%) to steep (44.2%) was analyzed through linear relationships, quadratic functions, and principal components analysis. Results provide compelling evidence about D. cedrosanum density depends on elevation, inclination, and soil silt and sand contents. A triangular- shaped dispersion of observations when density is plotted against each soil, silt or sand, contents was appreciated. A significant humped trend suggest that sites having slopes around 20%, although it could be in the 10 to 30% slope range, provides a better habitat for this species. D. cedrosanum plants are scarcer, that is, present at low and minimum densities (< 259 plants ha-1) in the sampled units characterized by high slopes and elevations, and more sandy soils.
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Removal of Cadmium by Electrocoagulation and a Cost Evaluation
Alper Erdem Yilmaz, Serkan Bayar, Recep Boncukcuoglu, Baybars Ali Fil
Issue: 85, Pages: 26-33, Year: 2012
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2012.853
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
The electrocoagulation method was selected for the removal of Cd+2. The effects of the parameters such as current density, pH, and supporting electrolyte concentration on this method were studied. The Cd+2 concentration, stirring speed, and temperature were 250 mg/L, 150 rpm, and 293 K in the determination of the optimum pH. The results obtained showed that a pH of 6 provided the highest Cd+2 removals. A pH of 6 was taken to be a constant optimum value while studying the effects of current density and supporting electrolyte concentration on removal. Current density values were chosen as 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, and 1.50 mA/cm2 . Increasing current density increased Cd+2 removals significantly. Removal of 58%, 85%, 95%, and 99% were found for current densities of 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, and 1.50 mA/cm2 with an initial concentration of 250 mg/L with a reaction time of 30 minute, respectively. An increase in current density caused an extreme increase in energy consumption. Energy consumption was 0.363 kW-h/m3 for a current density of 0.25 mA/cm2 with a reaction time of 30 minutes while it was 1.575, 3.85, and 7.51 kWh/m3 for a current density of 0.50, 1.00 and 1.50 mA/cm2 at a pH of 6, respectively. It was found that the effect of supporting electrolyte concentration on removal efficiency was negative. As supporting electrolyte concentration increased, removal efficiency decreased and the energy consumption rate increased. It was determined, as a the result of the experiments, that Cd+2 ions can be removed at the rate of 99% with a pH of 6, a 250 mg/L Cd+2 concentration, a 150 rpm stirring speed, a temperature of 293 K and a current density of 1.50 mA/cm2 in an aqueous solution.
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Radical Scavenging Activity of Thymbra spicata and Quercus ithaburensis in a Fenton Reagent Environment and Their Protective Effects on Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Okkes Yilmaz, Hatice Akkaya
Issue: 85, Pages: 34-40, Year: 2012
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2012.854
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
In this study, the aim is to investigate the preventive effects of T. spicata and Q. ithaburensis extracts on lipid peroxidation (LPO) formation and unsaturated fatty acids in a Fenton reagent environment. The in vitro experiments were divided into four groups, the first group being the control, the second group Fenton’s reagent (FeCl2+H2O2, Fenton R), the third group Fenton’s reagent plus T. spicata extracts, and the fourth group Fenton’s reagent plus Q. ithaburensis extracts.
According to the experimental results, while the LPO level in the T. spicata group partially decreased (p<0.05), the LPO level in the Q. ithaburensis group was distinctly high (p<0.001) compared to the control group. The LPO level in the Fenton R group when compared to the T. spicata group, increased ten-fold (p
<0.0001), where the Q. ithaburensis group decreased by 50% (p <0.001). When the DPPH radical scavenging activity of the extracts of T. spicata and Q. ithaburensis were examined, they were found to be as effective as quercetin (p<0.05)
The fatty acid levels were analyzed for the in vitro environment, the amount of fatty acids in the T. spicata and Q. ithaburensis groups were higher than that of the Fenton R group (p<0.001). Our test results confirm that T. spicata and Q. ithaburensis extracts decreased the LPO level in the Fenton reagent containing environment and they noticeably protect the unsaturated fatty acids in the environment from radical sourced oxidations.
Keywords: Fenton reagent (Fenton R), flavonoids, lipid peroxidation (LPO), radical scavenging effects, T. spicata L., Q. ithaburensis Decne
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Diklofenak ve Parasetamol’ün Aktif Çamur Tarafından Adsorbsiyonu
Halil Kabak, Mesut Basibuyuk
Issue: 85, Pages: 41-48, Year: 2012
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
In this study, the removal properties of two anti-inflammatory pharmaceuticals namely diclofenac and paracetamol through the adsorption by activated sludge were investigated in a batch system. Each pharmaceutical was found to be adsorbed by the activated sludge. It was found that the adsorption took place substantially at the first 20 to 40 minutes of the contact time and reached steady-state for both pharmaceuticals tested. Results obtained from the equilibrium experiments fitted to Freundlich isotherm model and Freundlich isotherm constants Kf and n were found 0.16 L mg-1 ve 0.87 for diclofenac and 0.56 L mg-1 ve 1.24 for paracetamol respectively. Sorption coefficient Kd, and octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow) were also calculated for each pharmaceutical and compared with similar studies. Results showed that both pharmaceuticals exhibited moderate adsorption potential by activated sludge.
Keywords: abiotic removal, activated sludge, adsorption isotherms, pharmaceuticals
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Tekstil Endüstrisinde Kullanılan Bazı Sentetik Reaktif Boyarmaddelerin Mutajenik Etkisinin Umu-Test İle Araştırılması
Unal Senel, Halil Ibrahim Sur, Murat Demirtas
Issue: 85, Pages: 49-56, Year: 2012
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2012.856
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
10 – 20 percent of synthetic dyes are discharged without being controlled to the waste waters after the dyeing process. Dyes which are discharged without being controlled reach to the human beings by food chain and threaten their health. In this study, the genotoxicity of synthetic reactive dyes are searched by umu-test (Salmonella thyphimurium TA1535/pSK1002 ) which is short term bacterial test system. Concentrations of 400 μg/mL, 120 μg/mL, 40 μg/mL and 4 μg/mL of dye solutions are prepared. By using S9 fraction, the biotransformation effects of the dyes in an organism at the presence of liver enzymes are researched. In this study, Reactive Black 5, Reactive Blue 19, Reactive Red 74, Reactive Red 141, Reactive Yellow 84 synthetic dyes are studied. At the end of the study, Reactive Yellow 84, Reactive Black 5 have mutagenic effects at the presence of S9 fraction at 400μg/mL concentration also Reactive Black 5 has mutagenic effect at the absence of S9 fraction at 400μg/mL concentration.
Keywords: genotoxicity, mutagenic, Salmonella thyphimurium, synthetic reactive dyes, Umu-Test
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Farklı Bitki Örtüsü Altındaki Topraklarda Mineralleşme Potansiyeli (Artvin-Genya Dağı Yöresi- Türkiye)
Mehmet Cuneyt Unver, Yildiz Dogan, Mehmet Kucuk, Aydin Tufekcioglu
Issue: 85, Pages: 57-63, Year: 2012
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2012.857
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
In this study was conducted to investigate mineralization potentials of different land uses in the area of Genya Mountain-Artvin in 2011. For these purposes, soil samples were taken from surface 0-15 cm depth in young spruce stands, old spruce stands and spruce stand with Rhododendron understory, and adjacent grassland sites with similar parent material, slope and aspect. Samples were subjected to standard incubation technique in laboratory conditions (60% MSK and 25°C).
Mineralization rate differed significantly among sites. Nitrification rates were significantly higher in grassland sites compared to other sites (174.61 N ha 21 day-1). There was a strong positive correlation between nitrate production rate and soil organic matter content (r2=0.70) and total N contents of soils (r2=0.80). There was also a negative correlation between nitrification rate and C/N content (r2=-0.48). Although soil organic matter contents of soils were relatively high, N mineralization rate wasn’t as high as expected. It was argued that the reason behind these lower rates was relatively high acidity in soils of the sites.
Keywords: Genya mountain, nitrification, nitrogen mineralizations
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Gölardı (Terme/Samsun) Yaban Hayatı Koruma Alanı’nın Psammofil, Higrofil ve Orman Vejetasyonu Üzerine Sintaksonomik Bir Araştırma
Hasan Korkmaz, Ummugulsum Mumcu, Safinaz Alka, Hamdi Guray Kutbay
Issue: 85, Pages: 64-79, Year: 2012
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2012.858
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
In this study Gölardı (Terme/Samsun) Wildlife Protecting Area vegetation was investigated based on the traditional Braun-Blanquet method, and associations were identified and classified. The syntaxonomic scheme is as follows:
Ammophiletea Br.-Bl. & Tüxen ex Westhoff, Dijk & Passchier 1946
Ammophiletalia Br.-Bl. 1933
Ammophilion australis Br.-Bl. 1921 corr. Rivas-Martínez, Costa & Izco in Rivas-Martínez, Lousã, T.E. Díaz, Fernández-González & J.C. Costa 1990 1-Eryngio maritimi-Pancratietum maritimi Çakan et al. 2003
Verbasco thapsus - Hippophaetum caucasicae (Kılınç and Özkanca 1991) nom. novum
Phragmito-Magnocaricetea Klika in Klika et Novák 1941
Phragmitetalia Koch 1926
Rumici hydrolapathum - Sparganietum neglectum ass. nova
Molinio-Arrhenatheretea R. Tx. 1937
Plantaginetalia majoris Tüxen & Preising in Tüxen 1950
Trifolio fragiferi-Cynodontion dactyli Br.-Bl. & O. Bolòs 1958 4-Samolo valerandi - Juncetum acuti ass. nova
Salici purpureae - Populetea nigrae Rivas-Martínez, Fernández González, Loidi, Lousã et Penas 2001
Populetalia albae Br.-Bl. ex Tchou 1948
Pterocaryo fraxinifoliae - Alnetum barbatae (Quézel, Barbéro et Akman 1980) nom. mutatum
Platanthero chloranthae - Fraxinetum oxycarpae ass. nova
Querco-Fagetea Br.-Bl. et Vlieger in Vlieger 1937
Rhododendro pontici-Fagetalia orientalis Quézel, Barbéro & Akman 1980
Castaneo sativae-Carpinion orientalis Quézel, Barbéro & Akman 1980 7-Sambuco nigrae - Carpinetum betuli ass. nova
Keywords: floodplain, Golardi, Samsun, syntaxonomy
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Orta Karadeniz Kıyı Şeridi Abdal Irmağı Havzasında Toplam Maksimum Günlük Yük Belirlenmesi
Eda Ozbayrak, Gulfem Bakan
Issue: 85, Pages: 80-88, Year: 2012
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2012.859
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
Total maximum daily load is a tool that used to organize water quality standards and it bases on relationship between water quality conditions and pollutant sources. In this study, to apply WARMF (Watershed Analysis Risk Management) Model to Abdal river basin which is located at the Mid-Black Sea Coast, to calculate the total maximum daily loads over point and nonpoint specific parameters in the river basin area. Abdal river basin is an important area because of Cakmak Dam which provides drinking and irrigation water in Samsun city constructed above the river basin area. WARMF model was chosen because of it is a tool designed to support the watershed approach, to evaluate alternatives the river basin water quality management to achieve results over many parameters for stakeholders and especially calculating total maximum daily load that to propose for the reasons. In order to obtain the most accurate and precise results in model, calibration studies were carried on according to 2008-2009 seasonal change results in study site and relative errors were calculated between measurements and model calculations. After then WARMF model calibration and run, TMDL calculated for regional loading and source contributions along the river basin. According to this results, it was calculated that for the present situation nitrate TMDL the highest value WLA 730 kg/day on the sub-basin 2 and the lowest value LA 380 kg/day on the sub basin 3, total phosphorus TMDL, the highest value WLA 72 kg/day on the sub-basin 2 and the lowest value LA 37 kg/day on the sub- basin 1. In addition to running WARMF model of the river basin, it was determined that nitrate nitrogen TMDL resulted from 22% distributed sources, 33% agricultural sources, 45% other usage sources and total phosphorus TMDL resulted from 42% distributed sources, 26% agricultural sources, 32% other usage sources.
Keywords: Abdal river basin, total maksimum daily load, WARMF model
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Soya İçerikli Gökkuşağı Alabalığı (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Yemlerine İlave Edilen Enzimlerin Büyüme Performansı, Sindirilebilirlik ve Azot-Fosfora İlişkin Çevresel Etkilerinin Belirlenmesi
Ibrahim Diler, Huseyin Sevgili, Muhammet Arabaci, Yilmaz Emre
Issue: 85, Pages: 89-97, Year: 2012
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2012.8510
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
This study was carried out to determine the effects on growth performance, feed utilization, apparent digestibility and reduce environment pollution waste output of nitrogen and phosphorus of diets based on Soybean Meal (40%) supplemented with exogenous enzymes in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) culture. Trout groups was began (initial mean weight 87.00±1,5g) method of random plots with 3 replications of 50 fish/pond with the ratio of 1050 fish with 6,0 metrik tonne in concrete ponds. 43% protein
- 12% fat diet was used as the with no added enzyme in control group (K0) and diet supplemented with
%02 protease enzyme (P), %02 mix enzyme (cellulose, xylanase, endo-ß-1,3:1,4-glucanase (M), %02 pyhtase enzyme (F), %01 protease + %02 mix enzyme (PM), %01 protease + %01 phytase (PF) and %01 mix enzyme + %01 phytase (MF) were tested in total 7 groups. About of growth performance were found while condition factor (1,21-1,23) were statistically similar (p>0.05) however growth rate (173,68-177,27), specific growth rate (1,118-1,340) and feed conversion ratio (1,26-1,30) significantly different among groups (p<0.05) at the end of the experiment. P and F groups significantly improved specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio better than control group.
In this study, showed the highest nitrogen apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC-N) (85,49±1,98) in group of P while the poorest value (72,82±0.01) group of K0 obtained, respectively (p<0.05). Also the best (58.57±0.49) and lowest (42.85±1.98a) ADC-P for phosphorus was obtained from F and K0, respectively (p<0.05). The highest (53,71%) and lowest (17,69%) retained nitrogen was held in the P and K0 groups (p<0,05). Also the dropped to water (discarded), nitrogen effluent was lowest (23,31 g/kg) in the P group and highest (46,91 g/kg) in the K0 group, respectively (p<0,05). In addition, highest (68,74%) and lowest (46,12%) retained phosphorus levels were obtained in the F and K0 groups, respectively. Also the dropped to water (discarded) while phosphorus levels reached the maximum (6,.94 g/kg) in K0 group and minimum value was obtained in the F group (4,85 g/kg)(p<0,05).
Keywords: Digestibility, enzyme, growth, nitrogen, phosphorus, pollution, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
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Diazinonun Drosophila melanogaster'in Politen Kromozomlarında Puflaşma Aktivitesi Üzerine Etkisi
Ayla Karatas, Zafer Bahceci, Ensar Baspinar
Issue: 85, Pages: 98-106, Year: 2012
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2012.8511
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
This study investigates the effects of diazinon, an organic phosphoric insecticide, puffing on salivary gland polytene chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster. Adult flies are applied diazinon and F1 generations were developed. The third instar larvae’s salivary glands polytene chromosomes were examined in F1 generation. Puff areas in polytene chromosomes are regions of RNA synthesis and provide information on interphase nucleus. Certain differences were detected in puffing model of polytene chromosomes following the diazinon application. These differences were either the retreat of certain active regions or the activation of certain band regions. Puffs in 1D, 4C, 22AB, 38B, 63F, 71F, 72D, 74C, 97A, 97E, 98A, 98D, and 98E band regions retreated with diazinon application. On the other hand, active puff areas were detected in 1E, 2D, 3AB, 7AB, 42E, 43F, 57EF, 58EF, 61CD, 67AB, 72AB, 82D and 88F band regions after diazinon application. Some differences were observed in puffing frequency in some puff areas. In conclusion, it could be said that diazinon application changed the interphase nucleus mechanism in polytene chromosomes, and thus the developmental program.
Keywords: Diazinon, Drosophila, poffing activity, polytene chromosome
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Trabzon’da Yağmur Sularının Analizi
Omer Dalman, Anil Ece Arslan
Issue: 85, Pages: 107-113, Year: 2012
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2012.8512
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
This study has been carried out to investigate the chemical properties of the rains in winter in Trabzon city, Black Sea Region, Turkey. The rain water samples were collected at three stations which are in the, the Governership, Bahçecik and KTU campus standing. SO42-, NO3-, NO2-, Ca2+, Mg2+ pH, PM10 and SO2 concentrations of samples were determined. The samples are taken from May 2008 to April 2009 at these three stations. The average pH value was 6.81. The average pollutant concentrations of the rainwater samples were determined as follows : 2.99 mg SO42-/L, 0.30 mg NO3-/L, 0.05 mg NO2-/L, 0.66 mg Ca2+/L,
0.60 mg Mg2+/L, 40.50 μg PM10 /m3, 16.10 μg SO2/m3. The results of this study, compared with other studies conducted in Turkey. In general, the results of this study suggested that rainwater chemistry is strongly influenced by local anthropogenic sources rather than natural and marine sources. The pollutants in rainwater samples were mainly derived from transport, local industry and traffic sources. Rain water during this period have been found to be alkaline.
Keywords: acid rain, air pollution, rain water, Trabzon city
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Effects of Bisphenol A and Tetrabromobisphenol A on Bread and Durum Wheat Varieties
Muhittin Dogan, Medet Korkunc, Onder Yumrutas
Issue: 85, Pages: 114-122, Year: 2012
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2012.8513
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
In the present study the effects of Bisphenol A (BPA) and Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) on seed germination of a bread wheat variety, Sagittario, and a durum wheat variety, Zenith, were investigated. In addition, some of the biochemical changes in seedling roots and shoots were also measured. Seed germination changed insignificantly in 10 mg/L BPA and TBBPA applications; however, seed germination was significantly inhibited by 50 mg/L of BPA and TBBPA concentration in both varieties with the exception of 50 mg/L BPA in Zenith. Similarly, root and shoot development was adversely affected by high concentrations of BPA and TBBPA. The toxic effects of BPA and TBBPA on the roots were histochemically determined. Wheat varieties have the capacity to tolerate oxidative stress at 10 mg/L concentrations. The concentration-dependant decreases in the protein contents of the roots and shoots of the wheat varieties was also determined. An enhancement in the H2O2 level and lipid peroxidation in the roots and shoots was assumed to be the result of provoked oxidative stress.
Keywords: biochemical effects, bisphenol A, seed germination, tetrabromobisphenol A, wheat
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Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbons from Waste Melamine Coated Chipboard by NaOH Activation
Ayse Zengin, Mehmet Kuddusi Akalin, Kubilay Tekin, Murat Erdem, Turgay Tay, Selhan Karagoz
Issue: 85, Pages: 123-128, Year: 2012
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2012.8514
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
Activated carbons were prepared from the pyrolysis of waste melamine coated chipboard at 600 and 800°C by chemical activation with NaOH. The effects of the carbonization temperature and concentration of chemical reagent on their chemical-surface properties were investigated. The highest surface area was obtained at 600°C with the 50 wt. % concentration of sodium hydroxide. The external surfaces of the activated carbons showed amorphous and heterogeneous structures.
Keywords: activated carbon, melamine coated chipboard, pyrolysis
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