Removal of Phenol from Olive Mill Wastewater in Constructed Wetlands Using Different Bedding Media
Arda YALCUK
Issue: 80, Pages: 1-5, Year: 2011
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2011.801
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
The purpose o f this study is to examine the removal o f phenol from olive mill wastewater in the planted/unplanted constructed wetlands containing filling material at different percentages. Two constructed wetland systems were developed with two CW1 reactors (containing 100% zeolite) and two CW2 reactors (containing 30% zeolite, 49% gravel and 21% sand) on a laboratory scale. Cyperus alternatifolius was used as the plant for both systems. The HRT (Hydraulic Retention Time) was determined as 2.8 days in system CW1 while it was 3 days in system CW2. The mean phenol concentration for the 89 days was 22.89 mg/l. While the phenol removal values o f the systems in the planted and unplanted reactors were obtained as 89.65% ± 2.61 and 83.21%± 5.10 for CW1 respectively, they were 74.55% ± 14.17 and 73.44 % ± 19.07 for CW2 respectively.
Keywords: Constructed wetland, olive mill wastewater, phenol, zeolite
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The Mineral Contents of Some Wild Edible Mushrooms
Yusuf UZUN, Hüseyin GENCCELEP, Abdullah KAYA, Mustafa Emre AKCAY
Issue: 80, Pages: 6-12, Year: 2011
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2011.802
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to determine and evaluate the amounts o f major elements (Ca, Mg, K) and trace elements (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Pb, Ni and Cd) found in forty five species of wild-grown common edible mushrooms growing in the Bingöl and Selim (Kars) provinces of Turkey. The minimum and maximum values of the mineral elements concentrations varied for Ca (40-5700), Mg (180-1900), K (5900-29000), Fe (5-1930), Zn (15-450), Cu (5-83), Mn (0.20-80), Pb (<0.010-2.3), Ni (0.15-4.4), and Cd (<0.032-19.1) mg/kg dry weight. The potassium concentrations were found to be greater than those of the other mineral constituents in all the species. The K, Zn, Cu, and Ni concentrations were the greatest in Leucoagaricus leucothites.
Keywords: Bingöl, Edible mushrooms, heavy metals, minerals, Selim (Kars), Turkey
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Selevir Baraj Gölü'nün Bazı Limnolojik Özellikleri
Sait BULUT, Ramazan MERT, Kemal SOLAK, Muhsin KONUK
Issue: 80, Pages: 13-22, Year: 2011
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloii.2011.803
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
This study was carried out to determine some limnological features of Selevir Dam Lake located on Kali creek in Şuhut borough of Afyonkarahisar. The study has been carried out for 12 months starting from January 2001. In the study period, water specimens were taken from surface, 7m, and 14 m depth, respectively, from three stations collected monthly intervals. The average values of water parameters were found as follows: water temperature 13.01°C, light permeability 2.9 m, pH 8.21, dissolved oxygen 8.25 mg/L, total hardness 14.72 mg/L, electrical conductivity 294,41 /iS cm-1, The cations order; NH4+> Ca+2>Mg+2>Na+>K+, and the anions were HCO3->NO2->Cl->SO4= >NO3->PO4=, respectively. When its physico-chemical analyses results evaluated regarding to water pollution control regulation (WPCR), it was shown as the first class in accordance to average water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, sodium, chloride, sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, organic material content and the 3rd class in accordance to its nitrit and phosphate contents. It could also be classified as medium hard water in terms of hardness value. These results suggested that although some parameters of the water are near to the limit values, its overall quality was found to be suitable for fish living. According to nitrite and phosphate values, Selevir Dam Lake was found to be at limit value for eutrophication control. Therefore, there is a need to redevelope the strategies of protection, utilization, and implementation of continuous monitoring program peculiar to this area.
Keywords: Afyonkarahisar, physico-chemical parameters, Selevir Dam Lake, water quality
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Beyşehir Gölü Fitoplankton Biyokütlesinin Mevsimsel ve Yersel Değişimleri
Özden FAKIOĞLU, Nilsun DEMİR
Issue: 80, Pages: 23-32, Year: 2011
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloii.2011.804
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
The determination of the spatial and temporal variations of phytoplankton populations contribute to set up lake management strategies. It was aimed to investigate the biomass of phytoplankton of large and shallow Lake Beyşehir. The lake was sampled monthly from four selected stations and surface, mid and deep layers between March and December 2007. The phytoplankton biomass was estimated from counted cell size. A total of 119 phytoplankton species from Bacillariophyta (42), Chlorophyta (48), Chrysophyta (1), Cryptophyta (4), Cyanobacteria (9), Pyrrophyta (5) and Euglenophyta (10) were identified. Total phytoplankton biomass consisted of Bacillariophyta (53%), Chlorophyta (27%), Chrysophyta (3%), Cryptophyta (2%), Cyanobacteria (10%), Pyrrophyta (4%) and Euglenophyta (2%). Mean values of chlorophyll a, total phosphorus and Secchi depth were measured as 8.24±2.08 mg/m3, 10.46±6.20 mg/m3 and 1.08±0.35 m, respectively. Dissolved oxygen was measured between 6.36±0.06 and 11.63±0.06 mg/l. pH varied between 7.80±0.01 and 8.92±0.01. Water temperature changed between 5.3°C and 27.8°C. In the study period, phytoplankton biomass of Lake Beyşehir varied between 0.40±0.11 and 6.43±1.00 mg/L. The mean phytoplankton biomass (1.98 ±1.18 mg/L) of the lake pointed out mesotrophy and good ecological quality class.
Keywords: Biomass, chlorophyll a, Lake Beyşehir, phytoplankton, total phosphorus
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Kilikya Baseni (Kuzeydoğu Akdeniz) Sularında Ötrofikasyon İndikatörü Parametrelerin (TP, DIN, Chl-a ve TRIX) Değişimi
Süleyman TUĞRUL, Zahit UYSAL, Emine ERDOĞAN, Nebil YÜCEL
Issue: 80, Pages: 33-41, Year: 2011
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2011.805
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
Eutrophication processes and changes in coastal ecosystem are determined by the coastal/open sea interactions and rates o f nutrient pollution. The Cilician Basin shelf waters are affected not only by intense industrial activities and increased population, but also by complex atmosphere-sea-land interactions.There is a recognizable difference between water qualities of Mersin bay coastal and the Cilician open waters depleted in nutrients. Eutrophic conditions have developed in the eastern bay shallow waters heavily polluted by land-based inputs during the last few decades. In the present study, basic chemical parameters measured seasonally in water column during the 8 field surveys, as a part of TUBITAK project, in the period of November 2005-September 2007, have been evaluated. Cilician coastal waters were always poor in reactive phosphate (0.02-0.05 /U.M) throughout the year. However, there is a distinct decrease and seasonal changes in total phosphorus (TP) levels from the polluted inner bay (0.15-0.20 /U.M) to the Cilician open waters (0.05-0.07 /U.M). The surface TRIX index values, computed from % dissolved oxygen saturation, dissolved inorganic nitrogen, TP and chlorophyll-a concentrations, increase from <2 (oligotrophic property) in the Cilicial open water to levels o f 3-6 in the pollutted coastal zone. In the shallow zone between Mersin Harbour and Seyhan delta, where large amounts of nutrients are discharged and TRIX values consistently > 4 (showing tendency from mesotrophic to eutrophic propery), biomass level is high and the Secchi Disc depth varies between 1.5-3 meters. İskenderun inner bay waters have low levels of organic pollution and TRIX<3, indicating mesotrpohic property and the presence of continuous interaction with the outer bay waters during the year.
Keywords: Chlorophyll-a, Cilician Basin, total phosphorus, TRIX index
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Yemekhane Atıklarından Fermantasyonla Laktik Asit Üretimi
Didem OMAY, Yüksel GÜVENİLİR
Issue: 80, Pages: 42-50, Year: 2011
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2011.806
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
In parallel with the development of biotechnology, the production o f organic and biochemical substances by fermentation process is one of the most current issue of our age's technology. Many chemical substances widely used in various industrial fields, such as organic solvents, antibiotics and enzymes that are produced by microorganisms in fermentation processes. Many common organic acids such as citric acid, lactic acid, fumaric acid, malic acid and salicylic acid used in food, pharmaceutical, chemical, textile, plastics, cosmetics and paper industries can be produced by fermentation. In the present study, L (+ ) lactic acid was produced from refectory wastes through fermentation process and fermentation process was optimized for the maximum lactic acid yield. Process variables for batch system were optimized for the production o f lactic acid from pretreated macaroni-milk and rice-green pea-salad broths by L. casei culture. For the fermentation of the macaroni-milk and rice-green pea-salad broths with L. casei culture, 42.16 g/L and 41.56 g/L lactic acid were obtained with 80% and 83% conversion efficiency when medium pH was set to 6.0, temperature was held at 45°C, agitated at 160 rpm.
Keywords: Fermantation, lactic acid, L. casei, refectory waste
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İç Anadolu Bölgesi'nde Anadolu Karaçamının (Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana) Verimli Olabileceği Potansiyel Alanların Odunsu Gösterge Türleri
Şükrü Teoman GÜNER, Kürşad ÖZKAN, Aydın ÇÖMEZ, Nejat ÇELİK
Issue: 80, Pages: 51-58, Year: 2011
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2011.807
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
This study was carried out to determine the indicator woody taxa of site productivity of black pine (Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana) in the Inner Anatolian region. 106 sample plots were taken during the study. Site productivty o f black pine was determined based on height measures at a particular age (40 years) at each sample plot and site index classes o f sample plots were determined according to the site index values. Besides, woody plants were identified and recorded at each sample plot. Interspecific correlation analysis was perfomed between productive (good and middle productive classes) and unproductive site classes to define differences in distribution o f woody species. According to the results, four positive (Cistus laurifolus, Rosa canina, Quercus vulcanica, Crataegus orientalis) and one negative (Juniperus oxycedrus) indicator species were recorded. The results of correlation analysis showed a significant positive relationship between productivity of Anatolian black pine and woody plant richness. It can be said that the areas covered by Cistus laurifolus, Rosa canina, Quercus vulcanica, Crataegus orientalis and rich in woody plants, could be the most probable productive sites for Anatolian black pine afforestation areas in the region.
Keywords: Indicator species, Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana, potential productive areas
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Bir Anadolu Endemiği; Anadolu Tarla Faresi Microtus anatolicus'nin Ekolojik Tercihleri
Mustafa YAVUZ, Mehmet ÖZ, İrfan ALBAYRAK
Issue: 80, Pages: 59-65, Year: 2011
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2011.808
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
In this study, from June to July 2007, habitat type and characteristics of Microtus anatolicus an endemic species of the Anatolia was investigated. Of the caught 79 samples, 63 (29 were dead individuals and 16 (7 +9 ) were alive from four localities (Kozan, Bozdoğan, Cevizli and Dereköy). Also Cevizli and ereköy are first records for species. There were no differences between sexes for snaptrapping and livetrapping (y 2snaptrapping- a 2°; d f- 1 p- a 66 ve / S t r a p p i n g - a 13; d f- 1 p- a 72). On the other hand, there were strong positive correlations between the capture frequencies in traps (snap and livetrap), also population density and the altitude of localities (rsnaptrapping- 0.742; n - 4; p - 0.023, rsnaptrapping - 0.785; n - 4; p - 0.037 ve rdensity - 0.933; n - 6; p - 0.009). M. anatolicus lives in dry and narrow nesting areas at small colonies. In the areas, observed that nesting in with slopes of 0-20° at sunny south-facing areas. All of 63 dead and all of 16 alive individuals were caught on the south-facing (south, southeast, and southwest) exposures, but not north-facing areas. Also 98.94% of population density in South-facing areas.
Keywords: Antalya, ecology, exposure, Microtus anatolicus, Rodentia
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Aydın, İzmir ve Manisa İllerinde Endüstriyel Atıksular ile Kirlenmiş Toprakların Mikrofungus Florasının Belirlenmesi
Gamze BAŞBULBUL, Halil BIYIK, Fatih KALYONCU, Erbil KALMIŞ, Erman ORYAŞİN
Issue: 80, Pages: 66-73, Year: 2011
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2011.809
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
In this study, soil samples of 14 different localities polluted with industrial wastewaters around Aydın, Izmir and Manisa City were taken with seasonal intervals. The samples were brought to the laboratory and their microfungi were isolated and identified. The most frequently isolated genus from soil samples was found to be Aspergillus, followed by genus Penicillium. Among the isolated microfungi, Aspergillus niger is the most abundant species in soil. Microfungal concentrations of soil samples varied between 3,8 x 101 and 1,86 x 105 cfu/g. Depending on seasons, salinity of stations were measured between 0.004 % and 0.56 %, pH were between 6.36 and 9.81 and organic matter were between 0.13 % and 29.15.
Keywords: pollution, soil microfungi, wastewater
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Caddebostan (İstanbul) Rekreasyon Alanlarındaki Fekal Kirlilik İndikatörü Enterococcus spp. Bakterilerinin Klasik ve Moleküler Yöntem ile Belirlenmesi
Nüzhet Cenk SESAL, İskender KARALTI, Barlas DİNGİLYAN, Figen Esin KAYHAN, Birkan AÇIKGÖZ
Issue: 80, Pages: 74-80, Year: 2011
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2011.8010
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
Caddebostan beaches are one of the most important recreational area in Anatolian side of Istanbul. Microbiologically investigation of fecal contaminants will be most important for public health. In our study, we aim to investigate Enterococcus spp. that marked of the source of fecal pollution in autumn (October), winter (January), and especially summer (June, July, August) by culture-based traditional and molecular methods such as plate count and Q-PCR method respectively.
Enterococcus spp. expressed at last 8 days o f fecal pollution because o f its resistant in literature. Fecal pollution may be changed with some parameters such as weather, precipitation (snow, raining, vs.), wind. Because ofthis reason, including the day of the sample collected until the 8 days before the sample collection date reports o f the weather was compared with results from the samples. The number of Enterococcus spp. was accelerated in summer months. Logarithmic positive correlation was found between classical and molecular methods.
Keywords: Enterococcus spp., Fecal pollution, Plate count methods, Q-PCR
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Evaluation of Natural Dyeing of Leather with Rubia tinctorum Extract
Ersin ONEM, Gurbuz GULUMSER, Bugra OCAK
Issue: 80, Pages: 81-87, Year: 2011
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2011.8011
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
The aspect o f producing leather and textile products without impacting on the ecological balance, affecting both human and environmental health, is an important focal point to be pursued. Therefore, to address some o f these issues a study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency o f dyeing leather with madder, which is a 100% natural dyestuff from the extract o f Rubia tinctorum and ascertain its friendly attributes to the environment. Treatment designs in the study included pre and post mordanting methods which were applied to selected types o f leather and subsequently subjected to three different mordants: potassium aluminium sulphate [K A h S O ^ .U H ^O ] , copper sulphate [CuSO^SH^O] and ferro sulphate [FeSO4.7H2O]. This approach was done to potentially obtain different colors and improve color fastnesses. In this study, the investigation was based on two primary source o f tanned material, chrome and vegetable tanned leathers. Color measurements o f the dyed leathers were carried out using a M inolta CM-508d brand spectrophotometer. O n the other hand, dyestuff exhaustions were determined using a Shimadzu UV-1601 PC UV-Visible spectrophotometer. O n the finished leather products, parameters such as color fastness to rubbing was determined with, the TS EN ISO 11640, color fastness to perspiration with, the TS EN ISO 11641, and color fastness to light with, the ISO 10S-B02 standard method. Moreover these parameters were comparatively analyzed and reported. The results eventually indicated that the obtained color and color fastness values varied according to; the type o f tanning method, mordanting method, and mordant type. Most o f the result values obtained were generally at satisfactory levels which were between 3/4 and S fastness values. Different extraction methods, different mordants, and mordanting methods to be carried out in future are suggested so as to optimize the results o f the current study.
Keywords: Chrome tanned leather, Madder, Mordant, Natural dyes, Rubia tinctorum, Vegetable tanned leather
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A Syntaxonomical Study o f the Pseudo-Alpine Vegetation o f Kazdagi (Turkey) and Two New Endemic Associations
Ismet UYSAL, Ersin KARABACAK, Sukru ONER, Fatma KURT
Issue: 80, Pages: 88-96, Year: 2011
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2011.8012
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
The purpose o f this study was the pseudo-alpine vegetation o f Kazdagi Mountain, which has a high number o f endemic and rare plant species, as a result o f the presence o f different geological massives, and is an important gene center. The pseudo-alpine meadows o f the Kazdagi containing siliceous and calcareous mother rocks was investigated according to, the classical Braun-Blanquet method between 2003 and 2006 and evaluated with Correspondence analysis (CA) and unweighted pair-group method using arithmetic average (UPGMA). Two new endemic associations described in the area; Armerio trojanae-Hypericetum kazdaghense and Diantho trojanus-Sideridetum trojanae attached to the alliance Trifolion parnassi.
Keywords: Endemic association, Kazdagi, pseudo-alpine vegetation, syntaxonomy, Turkey.
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