Heavy Metal Accumulation in Some Natural and Exotic Plants in Samsun City
Ali DEMIRAYAK, Hamdi Guray KUTBAY, Duygu KILIC, Ali BILGIN, Rena HÜSEYINOVA
Issue: 79, Pages: 1-11, Year: 2011
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2011.791
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
The aim o f this study was to estimate the level o f some trace metal accumulation (Pb, Cd, Z n and Cu) in the leaves, needles, and twigs o f some natural and exotic tree and shrub species which were selected and tested as a biomonitors o f these heavy metals grown in the centre and suburbs (Atakum) o f Samsun, Turkey polluted by burning fossil fuels and heavy traffic conditions from December 2007 to August 2008. Air pollution from traffic density was very important for Samsun in both the winter and summer periods. Because o f this reason leaf and twig samples o f these species were collected in winter and summer separately. Statistically significant differences were found among the studied species regarding studied heavy metals. The highest heavy metal concentrations were found in M. grandiflora, although heavy metal concentrations may be different according to the studied species, sampling points and sampling periods. According to the obtained data it was found that M. grandiflora, Ligustrum vulgare and Phoenix dactylifem can be used as biomonitors (i.e. the highest Cu concentrations were found in Samsun city in P dactylifem leaves 45.10) and M. grandiflora leaves (62.00) and the highest Z n concentration was found in L. vulgare leaves (69.58) during the summer. Because these species accumulated higher concentrations o f heavy metals in their tissues as compared to other species. Finally, it was found that different parts o f evergreen plants (i.e. leaves and twigs) can be used as biomonitors in determining heavy metal pollution.
Keywords: Biomonitoring, evergreen, exotic plants, plant tissues, urban and suburb areas
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Environmental Interaction Properties of Marble Used in the Restoration of Historical Monuments (Dalyan-Kaunos)
Ali SARIISIK, Gencay SARIISIK
Issue: 79, Pages: 12-20, Year: 2011
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2011.792
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
The results of this study were to determine the suitability of fine and large crystalline marble from the Afyonkarahisar-Iscehisar region of Turkey, for use in the restoration of the Harbor Agora Foundation, located in Kaunos, one of the antic cities surrounding Mugla Province. The study presents the results obtained in relation to the usability of the marble for restoration. Marble samples were exposed to environmental interactions under laboratory conditions and then a series of characterization tests (mineralogical and petrographic examination, physic-mechanical and chemical tests) were accomplished an acidic environmental interaction of the samples was analyzed, using hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, and nitric acid solutions at 2.0%, 1.2%, 0.9%, and 0.6% concentrations. The test results indicated that the marble was composed of (> 95%) a fine and large calcite crystalline structure, had a porosity ratios of 0.37%-1.24%, a permeability of 0.58-1.52 x 10-2 mD, a density of 2740-2760 kg/m3, a water absorption capacity of 0.21%-0.84%, and a compressive strength of 68.16-65.41Mpa. The analyses made with different acid solutions showed an increase in the weight loss percentage (A w) depending on the concentration percentage (V|V) and length of exposure (24-168 h). In addition, the upper and lower limit of the weight loss percentage was observed to increase as the pH value decreased i n the different solutions. The results suggest that fine-crystalline marble is suitable for use in the architectural restoration.
Keywords: Acid, environmental interactions, historic monuments, marble, Kaunos restoration
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Optimal Planning of Central Biogas Plants and Evaluation of Their Environmental Impacts: A Case Study from Tire, Izmir, Turkey
Halil Baki UNAL, Halil Ibrahim YILMAZ, Bulent MIRAN
Issue: 79, Pages: 21-28, Year: 2011
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2011.793
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
Recently, the practice, reclaiming the manure resulting from animal wastes, has been gaining ground with biomass energy systems in large-capacity central biogas plants. These plants enable the use of a renewable source o f energy in an efficient way and make a significant contribution to the sustainability in the environment. This study was performed on a total o f929 dairy farms which were members of a cooperative in 43 villages in Tire, in the Izmir province, in Turkey. The aim o f the study was to estimate the methane emissions through manure management applications, to plan the optimum capacity and location for plants to produce biogas from the manure, and to evaluate the environmental effects o f biogas production. An emission factor of 2.05 kg head-1 year-1, and methane gas emission value of 0.036 Gg year-1, were estimated for local conditions. An optimization model was developed to minimize plant investment and manure transport costs for optimum biogas production. The model was chosen to include the approximate total of 1600 tonnes day-1 produced in the area. A 400-tonne day-1 capacity biogas plant was planned for each of the 4 villages and it was determined that 35.106 m3 year-1 o f biogas could be produced. It was calculated that total plant investment would be $9.497.680 and manure transport costs would be $432.525 per year. This biomass-energy conversion would also provide socio-economic benefits to the area, and help to form a clean environment by preventing methane gas emissions from animal production.
Keywords: Biogas, dairy cattle, manure, methane, optimization model
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Nikelin Fasulye (Phaseolus vulgaris) Fide Gelişimi Üzerindeki Toksisitesinin Humik Asit ile Azaltılması
İrfan Ersin AKINCI, Olgu ÖNGEL
Issue: 79, Pages: 29-37, Year: 2011
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloii.2011.794
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
The effect of nickel toxicity (Control, 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg L-1) and application of humic acid (Control, 10, 20 and 40 mg L-1) for decreasing toxicity were investigated in seedlings of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Root length, plant length, root fresh weight, root dry weight, stem diameter, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, leaf fresh weight, leaf dry weight, root/shoot fresh weight and root/shoot dry weight index and toxicity index in bean seddlings were negatively affected by increasing of nickel concentrations (10 mg L-1 and over). Humic acid application was successful to decrease of nickel toxicity. Humic acid doses in 10 and 20 mg L-1 were effective to decrease of negatively affect of nickel.
Keywords: Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), humic acid, nickel (Ni), toxicity
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Babadıllimanı Koyu'ndaki (Silifke-Mersin) Derinsu Pembe Karidesi (Parapenaeus longirostris)'nin Büyüme, Ölüm Oranları ve Stokdan Yararlanma Düzeylerinin Belirlenmesi
Meltem MANAŞIRLI, Dursun AVŞAR, Hacer YELDAN
Issue: 79, Pages: 38-44, Year: 2011
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2011.795
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
This study was carried out through monthly deep trawls applications in the waters of 0-50m, 50-100m and >100m of depths in Babadillimani Bight between June 1999-April 2000. There was a linear relationship between carapace length and total length in males and females CL= -0.2257 + 0.2243*TL (R2= 0.9216, n= 923) for males, CL= -0.2148 + 0.222*TL (R2= 0.9649, n = 2859) for females, and CL= 0.0952+0.2223*TL (R2= 0.9652, n= 3886) for total individuals. As to equation of relationship between carapace length and weight, it was W= 0.0015*CL2 6252 for males, W= 0.0009*CL2 8190 for females, and W= 0.001*CL2 7954 for total individuals. The von Bertalanffy growth constants in length was C L ^ 31.20mm, K= 0.76/year, t0= -0.386 year, C= 0.65, WP=0.65 for males; CL rQ= 32.30mm, K= 0.77 year-1, t0= -0.387 year, C= 0.80, WP= 0.57 for females; and CL 10= 32.10mm, K= 0.76 year-1, t0= -0.394 year, C= 0.60 and WP= 0.65 for total individuals including juveniles as well as sexually maturated ones. In the study, for all the individuals of the species, the total (Z), natural (M) and fishing (F) mortality coefficient and exploitation rates (E) were determined as 4.00, 1.29, 2.71 and E= 0.67 year-1, respectively.
Keywords: Growth, deep-water rose shrimp (parapenaeus longirostris), mortality rate, exploitation rate
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Ham Kompost ve Ekstraksiyon İşlemine Tabi Tutulmuş Kompost Numunelerinin Karakterizasyonları ve Bitkiye Yarayışlılıkları Açısından Karşılaştırılması
Emine ELMASLAR ÖZBAŞ, Nilgün BALKAYA, Serkan EMIK
Issue: 79, Pages: 45-56, Year: 2011
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2011.796
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
In this study, the effect o f extraction process on the compost structure and its plant growing characteristic was investigated. Compost samples (raw compost sample taken from compost production facility and compost samples extracted with Na2EDTA and Na2S2O 5 mixture or molasses hydrolyzate) have been characterized and these samples structures were examinated by XRD, SEM and IR analysis. The experiments o f compliance with the plant (phytotoxicity experiments) have been conducted to determine the plant growing characteristic o f the compost samples. When the results obtained from experimental studies were evaluated, it was determined that the best plant growing were achieved using 0.01 M Na2EDTA-0.1 M Na2S2O 5 solution. The plant growing efficiency value was 97% for 25% compost:soil mixture. When the results obtained from studies were evaluated, it was determined that extraction processes caused both remarkable changes in compost characteristics and compliance with plant.
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Liman Gölü (Bafra-Samsun) Epifitik Diatome Florası
Elif Neyran SOYLU, Faruk MARAŞLIOĞLU, Arif GÖNÜLOL
Issue: 79, Pages: 57-62, Year: 2011
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloii.2011.797
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
The samples were taken monthly from the lake between January 2001- November 2001 from the surface of Potamogeton perfoliatus Linnaeus, between March 2001-May 2001 from Potamogeton pectinatus Linnaeus to determine the epiphytic diatom flora. There have been 30 taxa on P perfoliatus, 23 taxa on P pectinatus belonging to epiphytic diatom flora in the study area. Navicula gregaria, N. rhyncocephala, N. radiosa, Ulnaria ulna, Cymbella ventricosa and Diatoma vulgaris were found to be important among the epiphytic algae. Comparing P pectinatus with other species, it is characterized by low epiphyton diversity and high Cocconeis placentula dominance.
Keywords: Diatom, epiphytic, Liman Lake, Potamogeton perfoliatus, Potamogeton pectinatus
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Türkiye İçin Yeni Bir Epifitik Biryofit Birliği (Anomodontetum attenuati)
Recep KARA, Tülay EZER, Atabay DÜZENLİ
Issue: 79, Pages: 63-68, Year: 2011
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2011.798
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
The epiphytic Anomodontetum attenuati association have been first identified from beech forests (Fagus orientalis) in Europe (Romania). With this study, the same association is newly reported for Turkey from hornbeam (Carpinus orientalis) forests in Amanos (Nur) Mountains. In addition to the syntaxonomic, floristic and ecological descriptions o f this association, a life form and life strategy analysis has been carried out. Finally, phytosociolological analysis show clearly that the assocation is mainly composed o f perennial styers with a high asexual reproductive effort, with pleurocarp dominance, the more or less stable and humid site conditions.
Keywords: Amanos Mountains, bryophytes, phytosociology, Turkey
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Nikelin Ispanakta (Spinacia oleracea) Çimlenme ve Bazı Fide Büyüme Parametreleri Üzerine Etkisi
Sermin AKINCI, İrfan Ersin AKINCI
Issue: 79, Pages: 69-76, Year: 2011
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2011.799
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
This research was conducted to define the effect of excess nickel on germination and some growth parameters of early seedling period in spinach (Spinacia oleracea). For this aim, concentrations were 0 (control), 25, 50, 100, 200, 400 and 800 mg L-1 Ni in germination stage and 0 (control), 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 mg L-1 Ni in early seedling stage. Nickel was stimulator for germination stage in 25 mg L-1 and early seedling stage in 2.5 mg L-1; but it was inhibitor for germination, radicula-hypocotyll growth, growth tolerance index and water content of radicle-hypocotyll in higher concentrations. In study, nickel was toxic for germination stage than the early seedling stage in higher concentrations, because it is estimated that the barrier effects of seed coat can be reason of this event.
Keywords: Germination, hypocotyll, nickel (Ni), radicle, tolerance index, water content
REFERENCES
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Isparta İl Merkezinde İçme Sularının Farklı Florür İçeriklerinin İncelenmesi
Selma ALTINKALE DEMER, Ümit MEMIŞ
Issue: 79, Pages: 77-82, Year: 2011
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2011.7910
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
The high fluoride values in waters consumed as drinking water are undesirable. In this study, fluoride contents o f samples taken from some neighborhoods o f Isparta city have been analysed using two different analytical methods (ion-selective electrodes and ion chromatography). Based on the obtained data, fluoride map was prepared and distribution of fluoride content in the tap waters o f Isparta city have been determined and the waters were divided into 4 regions according to fluoride values. It is observed that fluoride contents analysed by "ion chromatography (IC)" and "ion selective electrode (ISE)" method are compatible with each other. However, in general, fluoride values measured by IC method are lower than those measured by the ISE method. By the blending processes, fluorine contents o f the waters, higher than the limit value (> 1.5 mg /L), was brought to a standard value, but in some regions they are reduced below the standard values (<0.5 mg /L). Fluoride contents o f the waters obtained below the standard value may give rise to problems in terms of dental development and health. Therefore, blending operations for the drinking waters used in Isparta city should be carried out very carefully.
Keywords: Fluoride, Isparta public water system, ion chromatography, ion selective electrode
REFERENCES
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Kayseri İli Kent Merkezinde Kükürtdioksit ve Partiküler Madde Değerlerindeki Değişimlerin İncelenmesi: 1990-2007
Filiz DADAŞER ÇELİK, Hatice Kübra KIRMACI
Issue: 79, Pages: 83-92, Year: 2011
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2011.7911
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
The objective of this study is to evaluate air pollution in Kayseri for the 1990-2007 period. The levels of sulfurdioxide (SO2) and particulate matter (PM) and have been evaluated for the 1990-2007 period by considering the limit values set by Air Quality Protection Regulation (HKKY), European Council (EC) and World Health Organization (WHO). Trends in SO2 and PM values were analyzed for the study period to determine long-term variations in these parameters. The relationships (correlations) between SO2 and PM levels and meteorologic factors were investigated. For the study period average SO2 level was 98 ^,g/m3, while average PM level was 75 ^,g/m3. In winter season air pollution levels were considerably high. Trend analysis showed that SO2 levels decreased with a rate of 6 ^,g/m3/year (significant at the 0.001 level). Average SO2 levels measured during the heating season and during January, February, September, November, and December were also decreased significantly. In contrast, PM levels did not show any significant trend during the study period. Air temperature values were found to be highly correlated with SO2 ve PM levels. Analyses showed that air quality control strategies (e.g., high quality coal and natural gas usage) put into operation in the past led to the observed decreases in air pollutant levels in Kayseri. However, the SO2 and PM values are still above the limit values set by the EC and WHO.
Keywords: Air pollution, Kayseri, particulate matter (PM), sulfurdioxide (SO2), trend analysis
REFERENCES
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Radon Monitoring as the Earthquake Precursor in Fault Line in Western Turkey
Muslim Murat SAC, Coskun HARMANSAH, Berkay CAMGOZ, Hasan SOZBILIR
Issue: 79, Pages: 93-98, Year: 2011
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2011.7912
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
Variations in radon concentrations near the earth's surface can provide important information about seismic activities. Continuous monitoring o f radon concentrations is one o f the important steps in predicting earthquake mechanisms. This study monitored the radon concentration o f an active tectonic zone in western Turkey. Four sampling stations in the seismic area, o f the Tuzla fault line, were selected for radon monitoring. The online radon monitoring system was placed at Cumali station. Concurrently, the radon concentrations in the soil gas were continuously measured using LR-115 nuclear track detectors and an online radon measurement system. Data obtained from Bogazici University Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake research Institute was incorporated in the analysis to correlate with the collected radon concentration. The radon concentrations were measured using solid-state nuclear track films (LR-115) in the soils o f thermal water fields, which varied from 40 track cm-2 week-1 to 1580 track cm-2 week-1. Comparison o f the radon concentration found using the above described techniques reveals that there is a linear correlation between the radon emission rate and the seismic activities in the area under investigation.
Keywords: Earthquake, LR-115 nuclear track detector, radon
REFERENCES
- Anonymous (2011) Bogazici University Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute Seismic Data, Istanbul.
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Fire-Related Cues (Heat Shock and Smoke) and Seed Germination in a Cistus creticus Population in Southwestern Turkey
Cagatay TAVSANOGLU
Issue: 79, Pages: 99-104, Year: 2011
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2011.7913
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
This study investigated the relationship between fire-related cues (heat shock and smoke) and the germination behaviour o f Cistus creticus (Cistaceae) seeds under laboratory conditions. The seeds were obtained from a long-unburned Pinus brutia Ten. forest located on the Bozburun peninsula, Muğla, Turkey. Heat treatments were carried out at 80, 100, 120, and 150°C for five minutes. For smoke treatments, seeds were incubated in a liquid smoke solution for 24 hours. Both dry and watered controls were included in the experiment for heat and smoke treatments, respectively. Extra treatments o f heat and smoke combinations and a cold stratification treatment were also performed. The treated and untreated seeds were sown into Petri dishes containing agar as a substrate, and the germinations were monitored until the end of the experiment. When compared with the control, the heat shock o f 100, 120 and 150°C had significant stimulatory effects on the germination response, whereas 80°C, smoke and cold stratification did not. The results o f the heat treatments are in accordance with current literature, but there is still a need for more studies for the comparison o f the smoke treatment. In summary, the results indicated that seed germination of the considered population o f C. creticus is stimulated by moderate and high heat intensities, but not by low heat intensity and smoke. It is important to know the germination response o f plant species to fire cues for better management decisions in fire-prone woodland ecosystems.
Keywords: Cistus creticus, cold stratification, fire, germination, smoke, thermal shock
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