The Phenology of Emergence From Artificial Overwintering Sites by Predatory Arthropods in Pistachio Orchards and Adjacent Habitats
ERTAN YANIK, LEVENT UNLU, ABUZER YUCEL
Issue: 78, Pages: 1-6, Year: 2011
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2011.781
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
Artificial overwintering shelters composed o f corrugated cardboard bands were placed on pistachio, almond, and wild almond trees located in the Sanliurfa (Turkey) province to monitor the timing o f emergence from overwintering sites by hibernated predator arthropods. Almond and wild almonds adjacent to the pistachio orchards are the sources o f the natural enemies o f orchard pests. The bands were placed on the trees in October and collection began in January. Cumulative emergence from shelters was determined in 2009 and 2010 by calendar date and degree-day basis for Oenopia conglobata, Piocoris luridus Fieb., Spiders, Hippodomia variegata, and Deraeocoris pallens Reuther. In addition, one o f the most important pest species o f pistachio trees, pistachio psylla, Agonoscena pistacieae Burck. and Laut. were collected from these overwintering shelters. Spiders and D . pallens emerged first, D . pallens completing their emergence by early March (190 degree-days for 90% emergence) and by late March (372 degree-days for 90% emergence) in 2009 and 2010, respectively. The spiders completed their emergence by late April. Piocoris luridus and H. variegata emerged later than previous taxa, and finished emergence by late March, mid April. Oenopia conglobata emerged later than the other species (began emerging from bands at about 250 degree-days), and completed emergence by early, mid April. Anthocoris minki Dohrn, and Orius spp., Neuroptera, two species o f Coccinellidae and A. pistaciae occurred at lower numbers in the shelters. Results suggested that most predatory taxa were more likely to be active at the time that the initial insecticide sprays were applied in early spring. Chemical applications with minimal detrimental impact on the environment should take into account the variety o f natural enemies overwintered in orchard and their emergence time.
Keywords: Adjacent habitat, biological control, emergence, overwintering, pistachio
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Effects of Varying Ecological Conditions on the Blood Parameters of Freshwater Turtles in Canakkale (Turkey)
MURAT TOSUNOGLU, NILGUN YILMAZ, CIGDEM GUL
Issue: 78, Pages: 7-12, Year: 2011
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2011.782
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
This study examined the effect o f variations in the water characteristics (dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity and temperature) o f the biotopes o f freshwater turtles (Emys orbicularis and Mauremys rivulata) collected from different localities in Çanakkale, Turkey on the blood parameters and put forward the variations in blood parameters for survival during wet and dry periods. According to the water quality o f their biotopes, differences were detected in the erythrocyte and leukocyte counts of the species E. orbicularis and in the erythrocyte and leukocyte counts as well as in the MCV (mean cell volume) and MCH (mean cell hemoglobin) values in M. rivulata. In the species E. orbicularis, differences were detected in the biochemical sense in total protein and urea quantities between dry and wet periods.
Keywords: Ecology, freshwater turtles, hematology, plasma biochemistry, Turkey
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Hazar Gölü'nde Mevsimsel Olarak Ortaya Çıkan Cladophora glomerata'da Bazı Ağır Metal Düzeyleri
MEHMET TAHIR ALP, BULENT SEN, OZGUR OZBAY
Issue: 78, Pages: 13-17, Year: 2011
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2011.783
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
Heavy metal accumulations in algal species are generally studied under laboratory conditions. However, there is rather limited knowledge on heavy metal accumulation o f micro algal species in their natural habitats. In this study , some heavy metal loads absorbed by C. glomerata which shows intensive population in late spring and early summer in the littoral zone o f the Lake Hazar, which is a relatively oligotrophic, and has a high alkaline level, were investigated. Obtained data were compared with heavy metal loads o f the water. Levels o f heavy metals in the algae were found as 1,31-1,77 mg/g- C. glomerata for Cupper (Cu), 58,5-218 mg/g- C. glomerata for Iron (Fe), 2,75-4,99 mg/g- C. glomerata for Manganese (Mn) and 9,61-11,8 mg/g- C. glomerata for Zinc (Zn). In conclusion, C. glomerata absorbs some heavy metals which are dangerous for human health. Therefore, this species has a potential to be use as bio-absorbent in waste water treatments.
Keywords: Cladophora glomerata, Clorophyta, Heavy metal, Lake Hazar
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Rizomlu Kırmızı Yumak (Festuca rubra var. rubra) ile Tesis Edilen Yeşil Alanda Atıksu Arıtma Çamurunun Tesis Gübresi Olarak Değerlendirilmesi
SEYDA ZORER CELEBI, OSMETULLAH ARVAS, RAFET CELEBI, IBRAHIM HAKKI YILMAZ
Issue: 78, Pages: 18-25, Year: 2011
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2011.784
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
This study was carried out to determine the assessment as establishing fertilizer o f biosolid in a sod establishment with creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra var. rubra) in Van in 2007-2008 years. In this study carried out using randomized complete-block design with three replications, it was evaluated the doses of 3, 6, 9 and 12 t/da biosolid (sewage sludge) and application as establishing fertilizer o f farmyard manure that was used as a control. In the study, criteria such as plant height, green grass yield, plant covered area, weed rate, color and turfgrass quality o f creeping red fescue were evaluated. In the result o f study, in observations at the first period o f primary year, plant height, green grass yield and plant-covered area values were found to be a low in applications where high doses o f biosolid were used and at the further periods, these values were found to be a high. Color and turfgrass quality criteria in fields used as establishing fertilizer of biosolid give generally the best results according to fields used the farmyard manure in each observation period. In the result o f this study, it has been considered that biosolid was increased the turfgrass performance o f creeping red fescue and was an important alternative to a farmyard manure in establishing stage.
Keywords: Creeping red fescue, sewage sludge, turfgrass performance, turf
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Sakaryabaşı (Çifteler-Eskişehir) Balık Üretim ve Araştırma İstasyonu'nun Su Kaynağı Batı Göleti: Sediment Kaynaklı İnorganik Azot Salınımının Araştırılması
AKASYA TOPCU, SERAP PULATSU
Issue: 78, Pages: 26-33, Year: 2011
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2011.785
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to determine high inorganic nitrogen concentration of eutrophic West Pond which supplies water to the Sakaryabasi Fish Culture and Research Station was originated whether from sediment or not. In the West Pond sediment, inorganic nitrogen (ammonium-nitrate) flux was estimated in the months (April, July, October, January) that represent the seasons. Negative ammonium and nitrate flux (retention) values were changed between 809.48 and 2069.52 /ag.m_2.day1, from 2053.77 to 7718.10 /U,g. müday1, respectively. The minimum and maximum inorganic nitrogen (ammonium-nitrate) flux values were estimated in July and January, respectively. During the decomposition or decay of macrophytes in autumn-winter period, the overlying water's high ammonium values (3.16 - 5.04 mgL-1) showed that macrophytes play an important role in preventing or suppressing the release of mineralized dissolved nitrogen from sediment to the overlying water. The other possible factors on the continuity of the pond eutrophication and the hindered nitrogen flux were no significant differerence at water temperature (18.53 - 21.28°C), no occurrence of anoxic condition in the pond (dissolved oxygen; 5.85 - 7.28 mgL-1) and not a suitable range of pH (7.09 - 7.62) for the nitrification process.
Keywords: Eutrophication, inorganic nitrogen flux, porewater, Sakaryabasi West Pond, sediment
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Gece Balıkçılı (Nycticorax nycticorax)'nın Van Gölü Havzasındaki Beslenme Ekolojisi
ATILLA DURMUS, OZDEMIR ADIGUZEL
Issue: 78, Pages: 34-40, Year: 2011
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2011.786
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
In the present study, the feeding ecology of Black-crowned Night Heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) was investigated. The study was carried out in wetlands in the basin between 16th February 2006 and 4th October 2007. It was observed that The Night heron prefer the muddy and marshy places where freshwater joins to the lake for feeding. The morphometric measurement of chicks was done to determine the development related to the feeding. The measurement consisted of weight, tarsus, bill length, wing length, wing length, height and middle toe length. The Night heron feeds with animal foods. The vomiting samples of sixty (60) individuals and materials in nest were taken and seven (7) animal species belonging to five (5) classes were determined as feeding material of the Night heron (Chalcalburnus tarichi that a endemic fish species live in Van Lake, Rana sp., Bufo sp., Mus musculus, Microtus sp., Helix sp., Neuroptera's larvae). There is no plantal feeding material in feed range.
Keywords: Black-crowned night heron, Ecology, feeding, nycticorax nycticorax, Turkey, Van Lake
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Çay Atığından Hazırlanan Farklı Kompost ve Partikül Büyüklüğünün Ganoderma lucidum Mantarının Verimi ve Bazı Morfolojik Özellikleri Üzerine Etkisi
GOKCEN YAKUPOGLU, AYSUN PEKSEN
Issue: 78, Pages: 41-47, Year: 2011
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2011.787
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
The objective o f this study was to determine the effects o f substrates prepared by the mixtures o f sawdust and wood-chip o f oak with tea manufacture waste (TW) at the rate o f 10, 15, 20 and 25% on the yield and some morphological characters o f Ganoderma lucidum mushroom. Ganoderma lucidum was obtained from Company o f Agromycel in Denizli. In the study, pH, moisture, N and C contents, and C :N ratios o f substrates, and also days to first fruiting, yield and some morphological characters were determined. Substrate mixtures o f sawdust (OS) and wood-chip (OWC) o f oak at the rate o f 80% with 18% wheat brain (WB), 1% sucrose and 1% CaCO3 were used as their controls. The highest mushroom yield was obtained from 90 OWC:10 TW (73.07 g/kg substrate) and 75OS:25TW (21.21 g/kg substrate). It was determined that mushroom yields o f the substrates, except for the mixtures o f 80:20TW, 85:15TW and 90:10TW prepared by oak sawdust with tea waste, were higher than that in control substrate o f 80:18WB.
Keywords: Ganoderma lucidum, particle size, substrate, oak, tea waste
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Gediz Nehri Aşağı Gediz Havzası'ndan Alınan Su ve Sediment Örneklerinde Bazı Kirlilik Parametrelerinin İncelenmesi
OZGE ONER, ALI CELIK
Issue: 78, Pages: 48-52, Year: 2011
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2011.788
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
The River Gediz, is the second greatest river of Aegean Region, is under threat o f pollution caused by institutions o f region, domestic waste, agricultural chemicals and artificial fertilizers. All kinds o f substances which are above standardized limit values for water can make pollution. These pollutant levels could determine water usage aims. Heavy metals in trace level are the most hazardous o f these matters. In our study, the physical and chemical parameters o f water and the level o f heavy metal concentration in water and sediment samples are analyzed in five different stations o f Gediz River. The average level of some parameters are; BOD: 67.7 mg/L, COD: 88.7 mg/L, pH: 7.6, turbidity: 440 mg/L SiO2 . In water samples, the metals in high level are; Pb: 27.0±%0.8 ug/L at N if River, Cr: 48.9±%0.9 ug/L at Muradiye Bridge, Cd: 12.1±%0.6 |Ug/L at Istanbul Bridge, Cu: 90.2±%0.4 ug/L at Muradiye Bridge, Ni: 309.8±%0.7 ug/L, Fe: 914.1±%0.3 /Ug/L, Zn: 208.3±%0.5 ug/L in Karagay The quality of water is at the level of four, according to Water Pollution Control Regulations. The sediment and soil samples taken from different station were also compared. It is seen that, the organic matter which is accumulated at the bottom o f the river, increase the concentration of the metals.
Keywords: Heavy metal, Gediz River, river pollution, water quality
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Almus Baraj Gölünde Trofik Seviyenin Belirlenmesi ve Gölün Fosfor Taşıma Kapasitesinin Araştırılması
FATIH POLAT, HABIBE OZMEN
Issue: 78, Pages: 53-59, Year: 2011
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2011.789
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
Total phosphorus and Secchi disk visibility parameters of Almus Dam Lake located in the district Almus of province Tokat were seasonally determined at nine stations located along the lake. Trophic status o f Almus Dam Lake were determined by comparing the results o f our measured parameters with the values of OECD. In the second phase o f the research, phosphorus carrying capacity were determined using Beveridge suggested phosphorus loading model recognized by OECD. Phosphorus carrying capacity of the Lake was determined as 2275.21 mg.m-2.year-1. It has been concluded that the lake will renew itself without going to eutrophication when the total production o f aquaculture is between 4023.33 (Food Conservation Ratio (FCR):1.5-1) and 6981.76 (FCR: 1:1).
Keywords: Almus Dam Lake, Phosphrus Carrying Capacity, Trophic Status
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Meşe Palamudu (Quercus ithaburensis Decne subsp macrolepis) Atıklarının Pleurotus ostreatus Üretiminde Kullanımı
SELIM SEN, MESUT YALCIN
Issue: 78, Pages: 60-65, Year: 2011
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2011.7810
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
In this study, utilizing the wastes o f valonia oak (Quercus ithaburensis Decne subsp macrolepis) in P ostreatus cultivation is investigated. The tannin obtained from Valonia oak mostly utilized in leather industry. After having been extracted for tannin, the waste has no industrial utilization yet in Turkey. Milled valonia oak wastes composed o f acorn cup held high humidity; therefore, has high drying cost for transporting as well as storage problems o f the mills. Valonia oak wastes were used as compost to cultivate P ostreatus. Results indicated that the mycelia development on oak wastes were realized 45 days yield o f 24.5% (weight/weight) which is to be considered as potential substrate for P ostreatus cultivation.
Keywords: Pleurotus ostreatus, substrate, acorn wastes
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Recreation Carrying Capacity Estimates for Protected Areas: A Study of Termessos National Park
MUSTAFA SELCUK SAYAN, MERYEM ATIK
Issue: 78, Pages: 66-74, Year: 2011
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2011.7811
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
A sound park planning and m anagem ent approach should define the o p tim u m level for recreation use to provide th e desired biophysical and social conditions. R ecreation carrying capacity is an im p o rtan t concept in park and protected area m anagem ent for estim ation o f o p tim u m recreation use. A lthough recreational use and carrying capacities are stated in the planning section o f the N ational Park R egulations, it has been a neglected part o f th e Turkish N ational Park System in practice. T his study focuses on the carrying capacity estim ation for Termessos N ational Park in so u th ern Turkey w ith consideration for its specific natural and cultural resources. T h e annual visitations, geographic, bio-physical, and m anagerial characteristics o f the park w ere analyzed. O n -site questionnaires w ere adm inistrated to a sam ple o f 500 respondents to collect data concerning the dem ographics and visit characteristics. T h e effective recreation carrying capacity o f the park was found to be 97 visitors per day. T h e results dem onstrated that actual average visitation o f the park is low er th an the recreation carrying capacity w hich is calculated w ith lim iting factors. H ow ever, these are the m ean num bers. In practice there is still a risk o f saturation o r carrying capacity overload particularly in the peak seasons. Since the visitation to the park and use level o f trails depends up o n th e season, w eather, and trail conditions. T herefore a m anagem ent system should be developed w ith the integration o f a n ew trail system.
Keywords: National Park, outdoor recreation, recreation carrying capacity, Turkey
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Detection of Drinking Water Quality Using CMAC Based Artificial Neural Networks
IHSAN OMUR BUCAK, BEKIR KARLIK
Issue: 78, Pages: 75-81, Year: 2011
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2011.7812
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
This paper describes the design, implementation and performance evaluations o f the application developed for real-time drinking water quality detection using the Cerebellar Model Articulation Controller (CMAC) Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). Most drinking water systems currently monitor a significant number o f water quality parameters at the plant. These are required for compliance and maintenance o f water quality as the water enters the distribution system. The threat o f chemical or microbiological contamination o f drinking water is obvious, and would be an effective way o f causing devastating public health consequences. In this study we propose a practical approach for the detection and classification o f chemical and microbiological contaminants in drinking water. CMAC A N N is intended for the use in the detection process o f drinking water quality where real-time capabilities o f the network are o f prime importance. CMAC has been chosen as an alternative to Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) because o f its exceptional learning capability. The learning speed o f the CMAC A N N algorithm is much higher than that o f MLP using a backpropagation (BP) algorithm. The detection (rate) o f the new water samples has also been so fast (high) and accurate that the rate o f success almost turned out to be 100% as compared to an ordinary MLP using the BP algorithm o f which the success rate was found to be 98%.
Keywords: CMAC, coliform bacteria, contaminants, detection, neural networks, water quality
REFERENCES
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Correlation Between Chlorophyll Degradation and the Amount of Heavy Metals Found in Pseudevernia furfuracea in Kayseri (Turkey)
ATILA YILDIZ, AHMET AKSOY, GAMZE AKBULUT, DILEK DEMIREZEN, CEMIL ISLEK, ERGIN MURAT ALTUNER, FATIH DUMAN
Issue: 78, Pages: 82-88, Year: 2011
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2011.7813
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
Air pollution and associated heavy metal pollution, is an important environmental problem. One of the methods used to monitor heavy pollution in the air is the method o f transplanting lichen samples by the "bag technique". In this study, Pseudevernia furfuracea was used as a bioindicator to determine the heavy metal level of air pollution heavy metal level in Kayseri and to generate an air pollution map o f the city. The lichen samples were collected from the Yapraklı Mountains in Çankırı in 2002 and transplanted to 10 different stations in Kayseri. Lichen samples were re-collected at two different periods in three month intervals. Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectrometry was used to identify the heavy metals, such as Cu, Cd, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn in the lichen samples. The chlorophyll a and b contents were determined by using the DMSO method. With these values chlorophyll a+b, a/b and b/a were also calculated. According to the heavy metal analysis results o f Pseudevernia furfuracea, which worked well as a bioindicator, air pollution in Kayseri due to industry, heating and traffic was observed. The concentration of Cd at the 3rd and 9th station, Cu concentration at the 1st and 8th station, Mn concentration at the 3rd and 10th and Pb concentration at the 3rd, 8th and 10th station were considerably high. In addition to these, the concentration o f Zn was observed high at 9th station.
Keywords: Bioindication, Heavy metals, Kayseri, Pseudevernia furfuracea, Turkey
REFERENCES
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