A Study of Genetic Variation in Endemic Plant Centaurea wiedemanniana by Using RAPD Markers
Emel SOZEN, Burcu OZAYDIN
Issue: 77, Pages: 1-8, Year: 2010
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloii.2010.771
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
Centaurea wiedemanniana is an endemic plant species native to Turkey. The plant is known to have a narrow distribution in two abutting counties, Bilecik and Eskişehir. Genetic variability within and among 6 known natural populations of this plant was assessed by using RAPD markers. High levels of genetic diversity were detected both at population (PPB= 62.83%, 1= 0.301, Hş= 0.196) and species level (PPB= 94.65%, 1=
0.429, Hj-= 0.278). Analyses of molecular variance showed that among and within-population genetic variation accounted for 71.70% and 28.30% of the total genetic variation, respectively. A high degree of genetic differentiation was also found among populations (GSj-= 0.223). The genetic structure of C.
wiedemanniana has probably been shaped by its breeding characteristics, habitat preference and short distance seed and pollen dispersal. The observed genetic variations suggest that as many populations as possible should be considered in any planned in situ or ex situ conservation programs for this vulnerable endemic species.
Keywords: Centaurea wiedemanniana, Conservation, Endangered species, Genetic diversity, RAPD
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Treatment of a Petrochemical Industry Wastewater by a Solar Oxidation Process Using The Box-Wilson Experimental Design Method
Neval Baycan Parilti
Issue: 77, Pages: 9-15, Year: 2010
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2010.772
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
As an advanced oxidation treatment, the Fe(III)/ H 2O2/Solar-UV process was applied to a petrochemical refinery wastewater in Izmir, Turkey. A solar photocatalytic reactor was used for the advanced oxidation. The Box-Wilson experimental design method was employed to optimize the wastewater flowrate, oxidant and catalyst concentrations as significant factors for maximum organic matter removal. Organic matter removal was monitored throughout the operation period. The maximum reduction in the T O C concentration was 49% with the addition o f 2677 mg/L H 2O 2 and 0.5mM Fe(III) at a 10 L/h flowrate after 8 hours of exposure to solar irradiation.
Keywords: Box-Wilson, Fe(III)/ ^ O ^ Solar-UV process, Petrochemical Industry, Solar oxidation, TOC degradation
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Lead toxicity and biochemical characterization of δ-ALAD on endemic prawn, Palaemonetes turcorum
İbrahim Hakki Cigerci, Muhsin Konuk, Mehtap Kutlu
Issue: 77, Pages: 16-22, Year: 2010
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2010.773
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
The aim of this studuy was to determine the toxic effect of lead (Pb) on Palaemonetes turcorum, which is endemic to Turkey, in vivo and its inhibitory effect on its g -Aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD; E.C.4.2.1.24) in vitro, and characterize the enzyme's biochemical features. The LC 5 0 (96 h) value, due to Pb toxicity and its confidence limits in vivo, were calculated by the EPA Probit Analysis Program. The inhibition effect o f Pb on Palaemonetes turcorum's ALAD was determined in vitro. The enzyme was partially purified with ammonium sulfate and a Sephadex G-200 gel medium. The L C 50 value for Pb was found to be 21.98 ppm in Palaemonetes turcorum. It was also observed that the inhibition o f the enzyme and the amount o f Pb in the liver (hepatopancreas) had increased. It was found that the optimum pH o f Palaemonetes turcorum ALAD was about 7.0 and the enzyme was resistant to heat up to 55°C. As a result o f kinetic analyses, the Vmax value and K m value were found to be 22.83 nmol phorphobilinogen (PBG)/h/mg protein and 0.06 mmol/reaction mixtures, respectively. The enzyme was purified 51 fold with ammonium sulfate and a Sephadex G-200 gel medium, consecutively. As a result o f the study held with SDS-PAGE, the enzyme's molecular mass was about 237.6 kDa.
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Cadmium Bioaccumulation and Depuration by Freshwater Crayfish, Astacus leptodactylus
Utku Guner
Issue: 77, Pages: 23-28, Year: 2010
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2010.774
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
The freshwater crayfish Astacus leptodactylus (Eschscholtz 1823) is naturally and widely distributed in the lakes, ponds and rivers throughout Turkey. They are omnivorous and thus are open to toxicant exposure from a variety o f sources including the water column, adsorbed onto foodstuff, by bioaccumulation prey. Crayfish can serve as an excellent model species to increase the knowledge base for invertebrate ecotoxicology. Cadmium bioaccumulation and depuration in the various tissues o f the crayfish Astacus leptodactylus were investigated. Adult specimens were exposed to 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mg Cd/L under static conditions for three weeks. At the end o f the 3rd week, the specimens were divided into three groups and transferred into dechlorinated water for either 1, 2 or 3 weeks for depuration. After 7, 14, and 21 days, four crayfish from each group were sacrificed and were dissected into their hepatopancreas, gill, abdominal muscle and exoskeleton tissues for evaluation o f Cd accumulation. The following accumulation pattern was obtained in decreasing order; hepatopancreas> gills > exoskeleton > abdominal muscles with values of 118.33, 661.63, 39.47, and 3.77 mg/L, respectively. Based on the present work we have concluded that crayfish have a great potential for rapid accumulation and depuration o f Cd in fresh water.
Keywords: Accumulation, Astacus leptodactylus, cadmium, depuration
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Tuz Gölü'nün Aksaray İli Yeraltı Sularına Etkisinin Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemi Kullanılarak Değerlendirilmesi
Murat Kavurmacı, Levent Altaş, Yakup Kurmaç, Mustafa Işık, Hatim Elhatip
Issue: 77, Pages: 29-34, Year: 2010
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2010.775
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
As a result o f unplanned groundwater use, the effects o f The Salt Lake on the fresh water sources have increased. This case will associate with significant environment problems around the Salt Lake and its environments. In this study, the data have been evaluated for the groundwater samples taken from Aksaray which is one o f the agricultural areas o f Turkey and bounded o f south and east shores o f the Salt Lake. Totally 40 groundwater samples including 3 spring and 37 well were sampled from the region. The physical and chemical parameters o f the water quality were investigated bi monthly during one year. The maps of water quality were prepared by using the Geographic Information System (GIS) to evaluate well effectively the data o f the groundwater. The groundwaters generally have medium salinity hazard rate and a low sodium (alkali) hazard rate in terms o f irrigation water use according to the USA Salinity Laboratory Irrigation Water Classification Diagram. While the increase o f the salinity have showed the presence of enters o f the saline water in the south and the south-east shores o f The Salt Lake, it have decreased the quality o f fresh waters with respect to the drinking and the use water.
Keywords: Aksaray province, geographic information system, groundwater, quality classification, The Salt
Lake
REFERENCES
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Effects of Polyvinylalcohol (PVA) and Polyacrylamide (PAM) as Soil Conditioners on Erosion by Runoff and by Splash Under Laboratory Conditions
Gokcen Yonter
Issue: 77, Pages: 35-41, Year: 2010
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2010.776
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
In this study, polyvinylalcohol (PVA) and polyacrylamide (PAM) were applied at different doses (0, 6.70, 13.40 and 26.80 kg/ha) to investigate the effects on erosion caused by runoff and by splash under laboratory conditions. PVA and PAM were sprayed on the surface of the soil samples in the erosion trays (30 x 30 x 14 cm; at a slope o f 9 %) and then simulated rainfall (60 mm/h) was applied to these trays for 1 hour. According to the results o f the research, increases in PVA and PAM doses reduced runoff, erosion by runoff, and by splash significantly (P<0.05 and 0.01).
Keywords: Erosion, splash, rain simulator, runoff, soil conditioners
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İzmir-Karaburun Yarımadası'nın Biyosfer Rezerv Alanı Olarak Planlanması
Sibel Yiğiter Sarıçam, Ümit Erdem
Issue: 77, Pages: 42-50, Year: 2010
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2010.777
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
Biosphere Reserve Areas are a special category which includes the conservation attempts without alienating from human. The areas o f special international interest in terms o f natural and cultural resources are officially registered by the Man and The Biosphere Program o f U NESCO from 1970. Only one o f the 531 biosphere areas from 105 countries in the World belongs to our country (Camili (Macahel) Village - Artvin). The research aims to present the biosphere reserve concept which is new for our country, to attract attention to Karaburun Peninsula which is a significant area in global scale and to find a way for the conservation-usage problem o f the area. In accordance with this purpose, in the first step the biological and cultural significance o f the area and threatening factors have been described. Zoning o f biosphere reserve area has been carried out in accordance with priority and targets o f conservation-usage on species which are needed to be conserved, habitats and area usage basis. In consequence o f zoning, 8 % o f the area is determined as Core Zone which bases the conservation, 48 % as Buffer Zone which permits controlled usage and supports conservation and 44 % as Development Zone.
Keywords: Biosphere reserve, Karaburun Peninsula, nature conservation
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Tıbbi Atık Yakma Küllerinde Ağır Metal Giderimi
Sami Gören, Mustafa Esen
Issue: 77, Pages: 51-58, Year: 2010
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2010.778
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
One o f the treatment methods o f medical wastes that have a widespread application all over is the incineration process. Incineration o f medical waste removes the harmful toxin and contaminated contentsas well as decreases the volume however this process does not destroy the heavy metals completely. Most of the metal and heavy metal contaminations remain in the bottom ash or fly ash content. The presence of elevated concentrations of heavy metal in the ash o f medical waste incineration will have more toxic effects on the environment compared with other ashes. In this study, bottom ash from medical waste incineration that are managed by ISTAC Co. Ltd. (ISTAC is one o f the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Enterprises for waste management) is used. The following elements were investigated from the leachate o f the ash; Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni and Pb. As all of these elements exist, in order to decrease the contamination suitable additives for stabilization o f are tested. Stabilization was performed by zeolite and for most of the elements good results achieved. When 17 % o f zeolite is mixed with ash, there will be good stabilization for lead, nickel, mangane and cupper. For chrome, cobalt and cadmium, 9 % o f mixture will be enough.
Keywords: Medical waste, incineration ash, zeolite, heavy metal analysis, stabilization
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Farklı Sulama Yöntemlerinin Topraktan Karbondioksit (CO2) Çıkışı Üzerine Etkisi
Ulaş Şenyiğit, Davut Akbolat
Issue: 77, Pages: 59-64, Year: 2010
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2010.779
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
Global warming and greenhouse gas emission are one o f the important researches in recent years. There are a wide range o f greenhouse gas resources and one o f them is agricultural activities. During agricultural activities CO2 emission from soil occurs. Water requirement in plant production is met by using various irrigation methods. The most widely used methods are drip irrigation, sprinkler irrigation and surface irrigation. Drip irrigation in recent years has been preferred due to its less water use. This study was carried out to determine soil CO2 emission in apple orchard of Jersey Mac apple cultivars grafted on M9 which was irrigated by drip irrigation, sprinkler irrigation and surface irrigation methods. In the study, soil CO2 flux was measured after irrigation. CO2 flux o f drip, sprinkler and surface irrigation was 0.065, 0.071 and 0.084 g.CO2.m“2.h_1, respectively Evaporation from the soil was 8.06, 8.85 and 8.95 g.H^O.möh-1 for drip, sprinkler and surface irrigation, respectively. Even though there were no significant differences among irrigation methods in terms o f CO2 flux and evaporation value (P>0.05), these results indicated that CO2 emission and evaporation values in drip irrigation method tended to decrease.
Keywords: Drip irrigation, greenhouse gasses, irrigation methods, soil CO2 flux
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Altın Üretiminde Siyanür Tüketiminin Azaltılması İçin Farklı Bir Yöntem: Gravite Zenginleştirme ve Liç Kombinasyonu
Ebru Sayın, Turan Batar, Erol Kaya, Baran Tufan
Issue: 77, Pages: 65-71, Year: 2010
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2010.7710
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
Gold minerals are primarily recovered by cyanidation which accounts for 83% of the world gold production, cyanide consumption and concurrently the environmental concerns are expected to increase in the foreseeable future with the forecasted increase in gold production. In this study, an alternative gold treatment process is proposed to reduce the cyanide consumption. The process was applied to Izmir-Menderes gold ore and the results were compared with the conventional leach process. In conventional system, cyanidation is applied directly to the ore to extract the gold. In the alternative process, gold is pre-concentrated first with the gravity based Knelson concentrator, then, cyanidation is applied only to the pre-concentrate instead of the whole ore. In this study, a pre-concentrate containing 93 g/t of gold was produced from a gold ore with 6.7 g/t grade, using only water during processing. The cyanidation is only applied to this pre-concentrate. Thus, this alternative process saves about 70% cyanide.
Keywords: Cyanide, gold, gravity method, Knelson concentrator, leach
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İstanbul'daki Çocuk Oyun Parklarında Partikül Madde (PM2,5 ve PM10) Kirliliğinin İncelenmesi
Hüseyin Özdemir, Gülsüm Borucu, Göksel Demir, Selda Yiğit, Namık Ak
Issue: 77, Pages: 72-79, Year: 2010
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2010.7711
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
Air pollution produced from traffic congestion and intense industry is a major problem for inhabitants living in megacities like Istanbul. Children are more susceptible than adults to air pollution and its adverse effects, because they inhale and retain larger amounts of air pollutants per unit of body weight than adults. They spend much of their time outdoor, consequently their exposure to the concentrations of pollutants increases. For this purpose five playgrounds were chosen with respect to proximity to main arteries and size range (PM2 5 and PM10) between March and December 2009. Ambient air quality monitoring stations are located in each selected playground and measurements are evaluated in the defined periods. According to the results of these measurements; mass concentrations of PM2 5 and PM10 near main arteries has reached critical limits, near the seaside have lower values, and in the forestland has the concentrations under the air quality limits.
Keywords: Children playground, Istanbul, Particulate matter, PM2.5, PM10, traffic
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Van Gölü'nde Sediment Birikim Hızı, Radyoaktif ve Ağır Metal Kirliliğinin Tarihlemesi
Nergiz Yıldız, Güngör Yener
Issue: 77, Pages: 80-87, Year: 2010
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2010.7712
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
The sediment accumulation rates and dating studies in the aquatic environments have significant importance on understanding of the relationship between human activities and aquatic medium. In this study, sediment accumulation rates and 210Pb fluxes were calculated by using excess 210Pb profile distributions and C.R.S. model together, and the dating of each layer was determined in three sediment cores where were sampled from east side ofVan Lake. 210Pb activity was obtained from activities which was measured with alpha spectroscopy of the 210Po. Average sediment accumulation rates in the cores were found as 0.031±0.011, 0.046±0.021 and 0.077±0.051 g.cm-2.y-1. It was observed that sediment accumulation rates were found as significantly high levels in the areas where had high human activities and transportations from agricultural areas via stream erosion. In addition to, it was investigated the distributions of the 137Cs isotop which is a fission product along two sediment core, and it was determined the concentrations of 137Cs at certain levels which were spreaded to area because of the nuclear weapon tests conducted in 1954-1963 and Chernobyl nuclear plant accident in 1986. According to the general trend of 137Cs distribution, it has pointed out that entry of 137Cs to the lake from the environment continuous already now. Furthermore, heavy metal concentrations (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb) which was related to industrial, urban, agricultural wastes and geology of the basin were evaluated.
Keywords: 137Cs, heavy metal, 210Pb, sediment, Van Lake
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Characterization of Physical and Mechanical Properties of Natural Stones Affected by Ground Water under Different Ambient Conditions
Ali Sariisik, Gencay Sariisik, Ahmet Senturk
Issue: 77, Pages: 88-96, Year: 2010
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2010.7713
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
The present study analyzed the usability of natural stones in the construction sector and examined the effect of sulfated water compounds on natural stones. In the scope of the study, sulfated water compounds, which are present in ground water, were represented at different concentrations and were exposed to sodium sulfate concentrations (Na2SO4 IOH2O) under laboratory conditions. The study presents the results obtained in relation to the usability of the natural stones in outdoor spaces. Two natural stone samples with different physical-mechanical features (high and low porosity) were examined under natural conditions. In order to identify the characteristics of the natural stones, mineralogical and petrographical analysis as well as physical-mechanical and chemical tests were performed. The effects were analyzed with a 5.0%, 1.0%,
0.5% and 0.2% sulfate decahydrate solution (Na2SO4 IOH2O) having the physical and mechanical features of natural stones.
The results indicated that the stones were composed of >95% calcite crystals; porosity was 0.73%, permeability was 0.58-0.34x10-2 mD; specific weight was 2740-2630 kg/m3, water absorption was 0.21%- 5.0%, capillary water absorption coefficients were 0.2-110 kx10-10 cm2/s, and compressive strength was 4468 MPa. Increased concentration of sodium sulfate decahydrate (Na2SO4 10H2O) solution at different ambient temperatures (20°C-120°C) was shown to negatively affect the physical (weight loss) and mechanical characteristics (compressive strength) of the natural stones. An increase in the ambient temperature and concentration of the solution was shown to raise the solution holding capacity and to decrease the compressive strength of the stone.
Keywords: Ambient temperature, capillarity, ground water, natural stone, solution concentration
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UV/H2O2/TiO2/Sep. Nanopartikül Kullanarak Zeytin Karasuyunda Fotokatalitik Bozunma ve Renk Giderimi
Mehmet Uğurlu, Muhammet Hamdi Karaoğlu, İbrahim Kula
Issue: 77, Pages: 97-106, Year: 2010
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2010.7714
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
In this study, TiO^Sep. nanocomposite material has been produced from sepiolite and TiO2. Then, the photocatalytic degradation of olive mill waste water (OMW) has been investigated by using TiO^Sepiolite nanoparticle with UV and H2O2 medium. The effect of parameters such as TiO2/Sep. dose, solution pH, temperature and reaction times on the color removal of the olive mill waste water was also investigated. At the end of the study, high color removal was observed for pH= 5.0, 298K, 0.5 g/L of TiO2/Sep. dose and 10h (%95-99). In addition, these materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray microanalyses (EDX) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area measurements. Moreover, cost analysis has been done for this method and it has been seen that the proposed method is inexpensive if it's compared with other purification systems, with some pretreatments cost gets lower. As a result, the photocatalytic process by using UV/H2O2/TiO2/Sep.nanoparticle can be considered as a suitable purification method for olive mill waste water and other wastewaters that include organic pollutants.
Keywords: Color removal, olive mill wastewater, photocatalytic reactions, sepiolite, TiO2
REFERENCES
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Kapadokya Bölgesinde Simulium spp. (Diptera: Simuliidae) Mücadelesi Üzerine Araştırmalar
Abdullah Yıldız, Ahmet Demircioğlu, Hakan Yeşilöz
Issue: 77, Pages: 107-112, Year: 2010
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2010.7715
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
Simulium spp. (Diptera: Simuliidae) populations have been a big increase in the years 2006-2007 in the Kızılırmak basin o f Cappadocia region. This study was carried out to prevent the fly outbreaks and false applications, and determine the effective control method. The some applications to control o f Simulium were carried out using the insecticides deltamethrin, dichlorvos, cyfluthrin, permethrin, cyphenothrin, cypermethrin, pirimiphos-methyl against adults, DEET (N, N-diethyl-meta-toluamide) for personal protection and biological preparations Aquabac XT and Vectobac 12 AS o f Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) against larvae. It was determined that Bti preparations showed 100% effect on the larvae when they are used at 60 liter/10 minutes from tank o f 100mL/s in the river which has the discharge o f 30 m3/s. However, the insecticides and personal repellents did not have any effect against flies.
Keywords: Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis, blackfly, Capadoccia, Kızılırmak, Simulium, Turkey
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