Sulphur Pollution and its Dependency on the Altitude in the West Anatolian Scots Pine Forest
Ersin Yucel, S. Teoman Guner
Issue: 76, Pages: 1-7, Year: 2010
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2010.761
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
In this study, the pollution levels of sulphur and its impact, depending on altitude were examined in the West Anatolian (Turkmen Mountain) Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris subsp. hamata) forests. According to the average values, it was found that the total sulphur amount was 1243-1658 ppm, 1526-2003 ppm, 1387-1809 ppm in one-year old, two-year old and three-year old needles respectively. It was detected that there was a significant and negative relationship between altitude and the total sulphur amount in the needles (P<0.05). The sulphur amount in the forest floor decreased with altitude but this decrease was not significant (P>0.05). Sulphur in the B, C and Cv horizons of the soil correlated with the altitude positively (P<0.05), but no significant correlation was found between altitude and the sulphur amount ofAh, Ael and Bst horizons (P>0.05). According to the results, The Turkmen Mountain Scots Pine Forest is under a sulphur pollution threat and the pollution has intensified more at the bottom o f the mountain.
Keywords: Pollution, scots pine, sulphur, Türkmen Mountain, West Anatolia
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The Determination of Biochemical Indicators (Biomarkers) in the Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) to the Physico-chemical Parameters of the CeyhanRiver (Adana-Turkey)
Aysel Sahan, Egrul Belge Kurutas, Tulay Altun
Issue: 76, Pages: 8-14, Year: 2010
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2010.762
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
In this study, the levels of pollution in the Ceyhan River (Turkey), subjected to agricultural and industrial pollution, and the effects o f these pollutants on the gill and liver tissues, used as biomarkers of Cyprinus carpio were analyzed. Water and fish samples were taken from the polluted region of the Ceyhan River (station II; polluted region) and from the area under the crest o f the Aslantaş Dam (station I; control region) located on the same river. The research was carried out during the summer months and 40 fish from each region were studied. The physico-chemical parameters indicated that the water at station II had higher chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrate, nitrite, pH, and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) than at station I. The biomarkers examined in the liver and gill tissues of the carp were superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) as well as glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation (LPO). The activities of CAT, G6PD, GST and GSH were observed by the high levels in the liver tissues o f the fish in the polluted region. Also, SOD and LPO amounts (P<0.05 in gill and liver) were also detected as substantially high in the contaminated region.
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The Diel Changes in Feeding Activity, Microhabitat Preferences and Abundance of Two Freshwater Fish Species in Small Temperate Streams (Omerli, Istanbul)
Cigdem Gursoy Gaygusuz, Ali Serhan Tarkan, Ozcan Gaygusuz
Issue: 76, Pages: 15-24, Year: 2010
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2010.763
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
We examined the abundance, food and microhabitat use of Proterorhinus marmoratus (Gobiidae) and Cobitis vardarensis (Cobitidae) during both day and night in two small temperate streams of the Black Sea region (North-West Turkey) between May and June 2005. Drift sampling catch per unit effort revealed significantly higher relative densities at night than during the day. O f the 110 fish captured during the seven sampling periods, 77 (88%) were C. vardarensis with the Bıçkı Stream having the most fish specimens both in frequency o f occurrence and relative density. The main environmental variables that characterized the overall microhabitat use were velocity, light, depth, and proportions o f cobbles. The fullness frequency of the gut contents was at their peak between 22:00 and 04:00 a.m and the most active feeding time was usually after midnight. Surface insects composed mainly o f chirinomid larvae were the dominant food item for both species in the streams during the sampling period. Further studies are needed at multiple spatial scales to assess how habitat use and feeding habits varies with fluctuating population densities.
Keywords: Black Sea Region, chirinomid larvae, Cobitis vardarensis, feeding activity, Proterorhinus marmoratus, surface insects
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Fırtına Deresi (Rize)'nin Fiziko-Kimyasal Açıdan Su Kalitesinin Belirlenmesi
Kenan Gedik, Bulent Verep, Ertugrul Terzi, Sedef Fevzioglu
Issue: 76, Pages: 25-35, Year: 2010
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2010.764
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
In this study, purposing to determine water quality of Fırtına Stream located in between Ardeşen and Çamlıhemşin, Rize at Eastern Black Sea Region was investigated. The study was carried out between May, 2006 and April, 2008. During the study, the water samples were taken periodically from seven chosen stations in every month. The measured data were given as following (minimum, maximum and average): pH(6.88-7.61-7.16±0.0121), total dissolved solids (TDS)(14.20-42.10-28.28±0.43 ppm), bicarbonate (HCO3) (36.60-122.00-66.88±1.05 mg/L), carbon dioxide (CO2)(0.88-4.10-2.28±0.05 mg/L), biochemical oxygen demand (BO^)(0.60-4.40-1.85±0.05 mg/L), calcium (Ca++)(6.01-16.03-9.86±0.16 mg/L), magnesium (Mg++)(0.01-5.59-1.89±0.09 mg/L), total hardness (17.00-47.00-32.29±0.49 mg/L), nitrite nitrogen (NO-2 -N)(UDL-0.0083-0.0012±0.0001 mg/L), nitrate nitrogen (NO-3 -N)(0.0001-5.47-1.36±0.0873 mg/L), ammonium nitrogen (NH+4 -N)(0.0006-0.0140-0.0048±0.0002 mg/L), phosphate phosphorus (PO-34 -P)(UDL-0.42-0.12±0.0084 mg/L), total suspended solids (0.60-78.30-11.37±1.21mg/L), alkalinity (10.00-85.00-46.04±1.20 mg/L), water temperature (4.00-18.96-10.53±0.40°C), dissolved oxygen (8.17-13.78-10.71±0.11 mg/L), dissolved oxygen saturation (75.20-82.50-79.54±1.97 %), turbidity (0.27-57.03-9.89±0.90 NTU) and conductivity (19.50-85.26-54.77±1.04 u-S/cm). When the all physical and chemical characteristics of Fırtına Stream were examined according to the inland water quality standards declared in water pollution law, it is obvious that the river has a high water quality standard (Class 1) except for phosphorus and suitable for purposing human consumption . Thus, it can be said that Fırtına Stream water can be used not only for drinking purpose by disinfecting it, but also for recreational aims, aquacultures and other aims.
Keywords: Fırtına stream, physico-chemical properties, water quality
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Çatalan Baraj Gölü-Deli Burun Aksında Seyhan Nehrinin Yeşil Koridor Sistemi Olarak Kullanlabilirliğinin Araştırılması
Aylin Salıcı, M. Faruk Altunkasa
Issue: 76, Pages: 36-49, Year: 2010
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2010.765
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
The aim o f this research was to develop a methodological approach for greenway system planning and design in the case o f Seyhan River, Adana. Essence o f the approach was to investigate the recreationoriented land use possibilities. In this respect, the emphasize was given to the areas considered as focal points and have potential recreation focal points as a result o f greenway development plans. Multi-criteria analysis was utilized to determine the focal points. Five criteria were considered: (1) current land use/cover, (2) land capability classes, (3) slope, (4) aspect and (5) distance to river. Recreational suitability map together with focal points were derived using multi-criteria analysis within Geographic information systems (GIS) environment. The focal areas in terms o f recreational usage cover less than 5 da. were eliminated as it is inappropriate to consider whole focal points at the suitability map, and consequently 28 fields as focal point were determined within the research area. "Gravity Model" and "Inverse Distance Weight" (IDW) methods were used to determine the recreation potential weights o f the 28 focus areas. 28 focal areas and 44 residential units within the research area were included to the model. As a result o f this, focal index map which was considered as base map for recreational usage o f focal points were created. The focal points were considered into three categories: Recreational usage; conservation based usage; conservation, in order to propose land uses on the basis o f this map. Recreational usage proposals were developed for the focal points within these three categories considering area coverage, current land use/cover, transportation facilities, distance to the nearest settlement, and distance to the nearest focal point criteria.
Keywords: Adana-Seyhan River, gravity model, greenway, multi-criteria analysis
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Yeniköy (Bursa) Higrofil, Orman ve Maki Vejetasyonunun Sinekolojik ve Sintaksonomik Analizi
Fazil Ozen
Issue: 76, Pages: 50-64, Year: 2010
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2010.766
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
This study was carried out to determine the vegetation distributing behind the sand dune of Yeniköy which is located in South Marmara part of Marmara Region (Turkey). Research area is included in Euro-Siberian floristic region as phytogeographically and A2 square as David's grid scheme in Turkey. Five associations were described from research area. Four of these associations are new for the world of science. The associations and their higher units are as follows:
Upperclass: Querco-Fagea Fukarek & Fabijanic 1968
Class: Querco-Fagetea (Br.-Bl. et Vliegler 1937) Fuk. et Fab. 1968
Order: Populetalia albae Pawl. 1928 em. Fukarek & Fabijanic 1968
1. Association: Alno glutinosae-Fraxinetum angustifoliae Kutbay et. al. 1998
Order: Rhododendro-Fagetalia orientalis Quezel, Barbero et Akman 1980
2. Association: Tilio argenteae-Castanetum sativae ass. nov.
3. Association: Rubo hirti-Fagetum orientalis ass. nov.
Class: Quercetea ilicis Braun-Blanquet 1931
Order: Quercetalia ilicis Braun-Blanquet 1936 em. Rivas-Martinez 1974
4. Association: Arbuto unedinis-Quercetum cerridis ass. nov.
Alliance: Quercion ilicis Br.-Bl. (1931) 1936 em. Rivas- Martinez 1974
5. Association: Phillyreo latifoliae-Quercetum cocciferae ass. nov.
Keywords: Bursa, synecology, syntaxonomy, Yeniköy
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Antalya Körfezi'nde Yetiştiriciliği Yapılan Mavi Yüzgeçli Orkinosların (Thunnus thynnus) Karaciğer ve Kas Dokularında Kurşun (Pb) Düzeyleri
Figen Esin Kayhan, Mehmet Nezih Muslu, Sibel Colak, Nazan Deniz Koc, Adem Colak
Issue: 76, Pages: 65-70, Year: 2010
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2010.767
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
In this study, lead (Pb) levels were investigated in liver and muscle tissues o f Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) caught in the Gulf o f Antalya in May-June 2007. Atomic absorption spectrophoto-meter (AAS) was used to determine lead mean levels in tissues. Lead levels were determined at levels o f maximum 1.10 ppm, minimum 0.20 ppm in liver and maximum 1.18 ppm, minimum 0.18 ppm in muscle tissue. Levels of lead are below the acceptable limits in almost all tissues.
Keywords: Bluefin tuna, Gulf o f Antalya, heavy metal, lead, pollution, Thunnus thynnus
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Kömür Lavvar Tesisi Atıkların Flokülasyonunda İnorganik Elektrolitlerin Etkisi
İsmail Bentli
Issue: 76, Pages: 71-77, Year: 2010
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2010.768
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
Solid-liquid separation in Coal Washing Plants is carried out to decrease fresh water consumption in thickeners obtaining a dense-slurry and to decrease environmental pollution. In this study, settling characteristics of the samples were investigated using four different type anionic flocculants and Na+, K+, Ca+2 electrolytes. The samples were taken from the thickener feed of Tunçbilek-Ömerler Coal Washing Plant. The dried feed samples of thickener contain 17.1% carbon, 70.2% ash and 2245 kcal/kg of lower calorific value. As a result of the settling experiments, it was determined that electrolytes together with suitable flocculants increase the settling rate. An increase of 38% in settling rate was observed by using 25 gr/t-solid flocculants and 0.05M Ca+2. This increase is due to bridge formation action of electrolytes between the clay surface and flocculants as well as the decrease in the repulsive forces between the particles. In conclusion, the thickener capacity will be increased by electrolyte and flocculants addition, and less amount of fresh water will be used in the process.
Keywords: Characterization, clay settling, coal tailing, electrolyte addition
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Termal Suların Radyoaktivite ve Kimyasal İçeriklerinin İncelenmesi; İzmir, Seferihisar Bölgesi Örneği
Berkay Camgoz, Muslim Murat Sac, Mustafa Bolca, Fulsen Ozen, Ozlem Ege Oruc, Neslihan Demirel
Issue: 76, Pages: 78-87, Year: 2010
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2010.769
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
Agricultural terrains which are spontaneously irrigated by geothermal waters are affected by harmful contents o f those waters especially boron. In the present study, Seferihisar-Doğanbey Fault zone where thermal waters are exist, were selected as study area. In date interval July 2005-December 2007, water samples were collected in a month period from determined stations. Radon measurements in water samples were performed by using collector method. Also analysis of pH, EC (electrical conductivity), Na2CO3, Na+, K+, Ca+++Mg++, Cl-, HCO3-, SO4 = and B (Boron) have performed for those water samples. It is observed that radon changes for Cumalı Station in interval of 0.1Bq/L-16.67Bq/L, for Karakoç Station in interval o f 0.29Bq/L-10.26Bq/L, for Doğanbey1 Station in interval o f 0.33Bq/L -56.36Bq/L, for Doğanbey 2 Station in interval of 0.34Bq/L-7.7Bq/L. Unstable variations o f radon values provide requirement of periodical radon measurements along the study.
Keywords:
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Pleurotus eryngii Suşlarının Lignoselülozik Soya Saplarını Biyodönüştürme Etkinlikleri
Numan Yıldırım, Abdunnasır Yıldız
Issue: 76, Pages: 88-94, Year: 2010
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2010.7610
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
The bioconversion o f soy stalk (SS) lignocellulose by three different starins o f Pleurotus eryngii from various origins by solid state fermentation was studied during 40 days. The effect o f rice bran ratio, 5% or 10% (w/w), on lignin degradation and laccase activity were measured througout the fermentations while, total crude protein and C /N ratio o f the remaining substrate were determined at the end o f the fermentations. The degradation o f lignocellulose was found by the determination o f acid soluble lignin (Klason lignin) content. All the strains degraded lignin with different extents. The amount o f lignin degradation was decreased by the addition o f the higher quantities o f rice bran (SS + 10% RB). The highest lignin degradation was obtained as 24.43% by P eryngii var. ferulae (E) and the highest protein level was found to be %13.32 by P eryngii (H). We determined that the laccase activity was generally decreased by the addition o f the higher quantities o f rice bran (10%). Maximum laccase activity (204.39 U/L) was obtained by P eryngii (E) on SS + 5% RB at the end o f the fermentation. This study showed that, after fungal treatment soy stalk can be used as a feed for ruminants with its higher feeding value.
Keywords: Pleurotus eryngii, bioconversion, biodelignification, laccase activity, ruminant feed
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Ecological Features of the Pinus pinea Forests in the North-West Region of Turkey (Yalova)
Omer Varol, Ahmet Zafer Tel
Issue: 76, Pages: 95-101, Year: 2010
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2010.7611
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
In this study, the phytosociological structure and ecological features of the Pinus pinea forests in the Fıstıklı village ofYalova province in the north-west region of Turkey was investigated. From the phytogeographical point of view, it is situated in the Europe-Siberian floristic region. The vegetation of the study area was analyzed according to the Braun-Blanquet approach, and the plant associations were classified by considering the characteristic species. In this study, we will describe one plant association belonging to the forest vegetation types.
Association and its higher units are as follows:
Class: Quercetea ilicis Br.-Bl. 1947
Order: Quercetalia ilicis Br.-Bl. 1947
Alliance: Quercion ilicis Br.-Bl.(1931) 1936
Association: Lavandulo cariensis-Pinetum pineae ass. nova
Keywords: Ecology, forest vegetation, phytosociology, Pinus pinea, Yalova
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Identifying Effective Variables Using Mutual Information and Building Predictive Models of Sulfur Dioxide Concentration with Support Vector Machines
C. Okan Sakar, Olcay Kursun, Huseyin Ozdemir, Goksel Demir, Senay Yalcin
Issue: 76, Pages: 102-112, Year: 2010
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2010.7612
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is an issue of increasing public concern due to its recognized adverse effects on human health. Therefore, accurate SO2 prediction models are very important tools in developing public warning strategies. The goal of this study is to identify the relevance of meteorological and air pollutant variables using a classical and widely used measure of dependence, Shannon's Mutual Information (MI), and to build an accurate SO2 prediction model using the relevant variables as inputs. Specifically, features ranked by MI measure are tested on how much joint predictive power they have of the target using a popular machine learning tool, support vector machines (SVM), and in comparison to multilayer perceptron (MLP), which is the most commonly used machine learning tool in previous studies for the prediction and analysis of air pollutants. It was found that the SVM model gave a higher correlation coefficient (r) and less root mean squared error (RMSE) than MLP for both test and validation sets. The predictive model used 6 input variables for both data sets as the relevant features for maximum SO2 concentration prediction at time t+ 1, which are the average SO2, maximum SO2, outdoor temperature (OT), average nitrogen dioxide (NO2), average ozone (O3), and average wind speed at time t. The results of this study indicate that MI can be used efficiently in determining the importance of input variables in the prediction of SO2 concentration and SVM is a popular machine learning tool well suited for use in air pollution modeling.
Keywords: Air pollution modeling, Istanbul, Mutual information, Sulfur dioxide, Support vector
machines
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