Phytosociological Studies on the Halophytic Communities of Central Anatolia
Ergin Hamzaoğlu, Ahmet Aksoy
Issue: 71, Pages: 1-14, Year: 2009
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2009.711
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
Central Anatolia belongs to the Irano-Turanian region in terms of phytogeography. Salt marshes occupy a significant place in this province. Halophytic vegetation which develops around the salt lakes is floristically very rich and includes many endemic taxa. In this study, five different phytosociological researches, carried out on the salt marsh communities of Central Anatolia were taken as a whole. In all these researches, the vegetation analyses were carried out according to the traditional Braun-Blanquet approach. The nomenclature and classification of syntaxa follow the "International Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature". Plant associations misevaluated and/or not considered as validly published were renamed and reclassified. The salt marsh communities which are dealt with in this study belong to the Halostachyetalia and Juncetalia maritimi orders of the Salicornietea classis. These orders are represented by the alliances of Lepidio caespitosi-Limonion iconici and Inulo aucheranae-Elymion salsi in the salt marshes of Central Anatolia.
Keywords: Central Anatolia, Salicornietea, salt marshes, Turkey
REFERENCES
- Akhani H (2002) Notes on the Flora of Iran: 1. Asparagus (Asparagaceae) and Nitraria (Zygophyllaceae). Edinburgh Journal of Botany 59, 295-302.
- Akman Y (1990) Ýklim ve Biyoiklim. Palme Yayýnevi, Ankara.
- Akman Y, Daget PH (1971) Quelques aspects synoptigues des climats de la Turquie. Bulletin Societe Languedocienne Geographie 5, 270-300.
- Akman Y, Ketenoðlu O, Quézel P (1985) A new syntaxon from Central Anatolia. Ecologia Mediterranea 10 (2/3), 111-221.
- Anonymous (1984) Ortalama, Extrem Sýcaklýk ve Yaðýþ Deðerleri Bülteni (Günlük-Aylýk). Devlet Meteoroloji Ýþleri, Ankara.
- Aydoðdu M, Hamzaoðlu E, Kurt L (2002) New halophytic syntaxa from Central Anatolia (Turkey). Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 50, 313-323.
- Aydoðdu M, Kurt L, Hamzaoðlu E, Ketenoðlu O, Cansaran A (2004) Phytosociological studies on salt steppe communities of Central Anatolia, Turkey. Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 52, 71-79.
- Barkman JJ, Doing H, Segal S (1964) Kritische Bemerkungen und Vorschläge zur quantitativen Vegetationsanalyse. Acta Botanica Neerlandica 13, 394-419.
- Birand H (1961) Orta Anadolu bozkýrýnda vejetasyon incelemelerinin ilk sonuçlarý. I. Tuz Gölü çorakçýl bitki birlikleri. Topraksu Umum Müdürlüðü Neþriyatý 103 (C5), 1-56.
- Birand H (1970) Die werwüstüng der Artemisia steppe bei Karapýnar in Zentral Anatolien. Vegetatio 20, 21-47.
- Black CA (1970) Toprak Bitki Münasebetleri. Atatürk Üniversitesi Yayýnlarý, Ziraat Fakültesi Tercüme Serisi, No. 75, Erzurum.
- Braun-Blanquet J (1951) Les Groupements Végétaux de la France Méditerranéenne. Centre National de la Recherche Scient Que, Montpellier.
- Braun-Blanquet J (1964) Pflanzensoziologie, Grundzüge der Vegetationskunde, 3. Aufl. Springer Verlag, Wien and New York.
- Brummitt KK, Powell CE (1992) Authors of Plant Names. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Çetik R (1985) Ýç Anadolu'nun vejetasyonu ve ekolojisi. Selçuk Üniversitesi Yayýnlarý, No. 7, Konya. Chapman VJ (1960) Salt Marshes and Deserts of the World. Leonard Hill, Londra.
- Davis PH (ed.) (1965-1985) Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands, Vol. 1-9. Edinburgh. Davis PH (ed.) (1967) Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands, Vol. 2. Edinburgh.
- Davis PH, Mill RR, Tan K (eds.) (1988) Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands, Vol. 10. Edinburgh.
- Donner J (1990) Distributions maps to P.H. Davis, Flora of Turkey, 1-10. Linzer Biologischen Beiträge 22, 381-515.
- Ellenberg H, Mueller-Dombois D (1967) A key to Raunkiaer plant life forms with revised subdivisions. Berichte des Geobotanischen Institutes der E.T.H. Stiftung Rübel - Zürich 37, 56-73.
- Emberger L (1955) Une Classification Biogéographique des Climats. Travaux des Labor. Botanique- Geologie-Zoologie de la Fac. des Sci. Univ. - Montpellier 7, 3-43.
- Güner A, Özhatay N, Ekim T, Baþer KHC (eds.) (2000) Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands, Vol. 11. Edinburgh.
- Hamzaoðlu E, Aksoy A (2006) Sultansazlýðý Bataklýðý halofitik topluluklarý üzerine fitososyolojik bir çalýþma (Ýç Anadolu - Kayseri). Ekoloji 15 (60), 8-15.
- Hamzaoðlu E, Aydoðdu M, Kurt L, Cansaran A (2004) New syntaxa from west part of Central Anatolia. Pakistan Journal of Botany 36 (2), 235-246.
- Keller BA (1928) Die Vegetation der Salzböden in der großen Halbwüste des Bundes, d.S.S.R. Vegetationsbilder, 18 Reihe, Heft 8, Fischer Verlag, Jena.
- Ketenoðlu O, Quézel P, Akman Y, Aydoðdu M (1983) New syntaxa on the gypsaceous formations in the Central Anatolia. Ecologia Mediterranea 9 (3/4), 211-221.
- Ketenoðlu O, Aydoðdu M, Kurt L, Akman Y, Hamzaoðlu E (2000) Syntaxonomic research on the gypsicole vegetation in Cappadocia, Turkey. Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 48, 121-128.
- Krause K (1940) Batý ve Orta Anadolu nebat formasyonlarý (Çeviri: Hikmet Birand). Ziraat Vekaleti Yayýnlarý, No. 60, Ankara.
- Louis H (1939) Das natürliche Pflanzenkleid Anatoliens, geographisch gesehen. Geographische Abhandlungen, Reihe 3, Heft 12, Stuttgart.
- Oakes H (1958) Turkey Topraklarý. Türk Ziraat Mühendisleri Birliði Neþriyatý, Ankara.
- Quézel P (1973) Contribution à l'étude phytosociologique du masif du Taurus. Phytocoenologia 1, 131-222.
- Raunkiaer C (1934) The life forms of plants and statistical plant geography. Oxford.
- Takhtajan A (1986) Floristic Regions of the World. University of California Press, Berkley, Los Angeles, London.
- Tatlý A, Ýstanbulluoðlu A (1987) Iðdýr Ovasýndaki çorak saha vejetasyonunun bitki sosyolojisi yönünden araþtýrýlmasý. 8. Ulusal Biyoloji Kongresi. Botanik ve Uygulamalý Biyoloji. 1, 54-69.
- Topa E (1939) La Végétation des halophytes du Nord de la Roumanie. Bulletin Faculty Stünte din Cernauti 13, 58-80.
- Walter H (1956) Das Problem der Zentralanatolischen steppe. Naturwissenschaften 43, 97-102. Weber HE, Moravec J, Theurillat JP (2000) International Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature. 3rd ed. Vegetation Science 11, 739-768.
- Wendelberger G (1950) Zur Soziologie der kontinentalen Halophyten Vegetation Mitteleuropas- Österreich. Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathem-Naturwiss Klasse Denkschriffen 108, Band 5, Abhandlungen.
- Yurdakulol E (1974) Konya Ovasýndaki çorak bataklýklarýn vejetasyonunun bitki sosyolojisi yönünden araþtýrýlmasý. Bitki 1, 257-277.
- Yurdakulol E, Ercoþkun T (1990) Orta Anadolu' da çorak alanlarýn vejetasyonu üzerinde ekolojik ve sintaksonomik araþtýrma. Turkýsh Journal of Botany 14, 109-123.
- Yurdakulol E, Öncel I, Demirörs M, Yýldýz A, Keleþ Y (1996) Ecological and syntaxonomic investigation of salt marshes vegetation in of Burdur and Acýgöl (Denizli-Turkey). Ecologia Mediterranea 22, 51-61.
- Zohary M (1973) Geobotanical Foundations in the Middle East, Vols. 1-2. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart.
Precipitation Trends in Kahramanmaraş alongwith Gaziantep and Adıyaman during theperiod of 1963-2005
Murat KARABULUT
Issue: 71, Pages: 15-24, Year: 2009
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2009.712
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
Mediterranean region is one of the sensitive regions to climate variation particularly to precipitation changes in Turkey. In this study, trends in precipitation at annual, seasonal and monthly time scales for the period of 1963-2005 were examined for the Kahramanmaraþ along with Gaziantep and Adýyaman stations which are located in the continental Mediterranean precipitation regime region of Turkey. Non-parametric tests (such as Mann-Kendall and Sen's Slope), linear regression, cumulative deviation curve techniques were used to determine precipitation trends. The results showed that there is no statistically significant any trend in the study area, despite of slight precipitation increase for Kahramanmaraþ, slight decrease for Gaziantep and Adýyaman, annually. The year 1996 is the wettest year for all three stations, on the other hand the years 1996 for Kahramanmaraþ, 1970 for Adýyaman and 1973 for Gaziantep are the driest years during the study period. Winter, spring seasons represent slight precipitation decrease for all three stations during the study period. Autumn showed increasing trend for Kahramanmaraþ and Gaziantep even though which is not statistically significant. Most of the trends for individual months depicted decreasing trend but all are not statistically significant. Precipitation patterns, however, seems to have changed during the last 43 years, and results of seasonal trends analyses seem to indicate that there has been a shift in winter precipitation seasonality toward Autumn months except Adýyaman station.
Keywords: Adıyaman, climate variability, Gaziantep, Kahramanmaraş, Mann-Kendall test, precipitation trend
REFERENCES
- Cullen HM, Kaplan A, Arkin PA, Demenocal PB (2002) Impact of the NAO on Middle Eastern climate and stream flow. Climate Change 55, 315-338.
- Deniz A, Karaca M (1995) Analysis of cyclone tracks over Turkey. Journal of ITU 53, 59-66 (in Turkish).
- Gardner RH, Hargrove WG, Turner MG, Romme WH (1996) Climate Change, Disturbances and Landscape Dynamics. In: Walker B, Steffen W (eds), Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems. Cambridge University Press, Great Britain, 149-172.
- Kadýoðlu M (2000) Regional variability of seasonal precipitation over Turkey. International Journal of Climatology 20, 1743-1760.
- Kahya E, Kalaycý S (2004) Trend analysis of stream flow in Turkey. Journal of Hydrology 89, 128-144. Karabörk MÇ (2007) Trends in drought pattern of Turkey. Journal of Environmental Engineering Sciences 6, 45-52.
- Karaca M, Deniz A, Tayanç M (2000) Cyclone track variability over Turkey in association with regional climate. International Journal of Climatology 20, 122-136.
- Lazaro R, Rodrigo FS, Gutierrez L, Domingo F, Puigdefabregas J (2001) Analysis of a 30-year rainfall record (1967-1997) in semi-arid SE Spain for implications on vegetation. Journal of Arid Environment 48, 373-395.
- Libiseller C, Grimvall A (2002) Performance of partial Mann-Kendall test for trend detection in the presence of covariates. Environmetrics 13: 71-84.
- Melillo JM, Callaghan TV, Woodward FI, Salati E, Sinha K (1990) Climate Change: Effects on Ecosystems. In: Houghton JT, Jenkins GJ, Ephraums JJ (eds), Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, New York, 283-310.
- Önöz B, Bayazýt M (2003) The power of statistical tests for trend detection. Turkish Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences 27, 247-251.
- Partal P, Kahya E (2006) Trend analysis in Turkish precipitation data. Hydrological Processes 20, 2011-2026.
- Ramos MC (2001) Rainfall distribution patterns and their change over time in Mediterranean area. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 69, 163-170.
- Tosic I, Ukaseviç M (2005) Analysis of precipitation series for Belgrade. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 80, 67-77.
- Türkeþ M (1996) Spatial and temporal analysis of annual rainfall variations in Turkey. International Journal of Climatology 16, 1057-1076.
- Türkeþ M (1998) Influence of geopotential heights, cyclone frequency and Southern Oscillation on rainfall variations in Turkey. International Journal of Climatology 18, 649-680.
- Türkeþ M (1999) Vulnerability of Turkey to desertification with respect to precipitation and aridity conditions. Turkish Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences 23, 363-380.
- Türkeþ M, Sümer UM, Kýlýç G (2002) Persistence and periodicity in the precipitation series of Turkey and associations with 500 hPa geopotantial heights. Climate Research 21, 59-81.
- Türkeþ M, Erlat E (2003) Precipitation changes and variability in Turkey linked to the North Atlantic Oscillation during the period 1930-2000. International Journal of Climatology 23, 1771-1796.
- Türkeþ M, Erlat E (2005) Climatological responses of winter precipitation in Turkey to variability of the North Atlantic Oscillation during the period 1930-2001. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 81, 45- 69.
- Türkeþ M, Koç T, Sarýþ F (2007) Spatial and temporal analysis of the changes and trends in precipitation total and intensity series of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Geographical Sciences 5, 57-73 (in Turkish).
- Varol Ö (2006) Floristic Features of Pinus pinea Forests in Kahramanmaraþ (Eastern- Mediterranean Region of Turkey). Ekoloji 60, 1-7.
- Xoplaki E, González-Rouco JF, Luterbacher J, Wanner H (2004) Wet season Mediterranean precipitation variability: influence of large-scale dynamics and trends. Climate Dynamics 23, 63-78.
- Xoplaki E, Luterbacher, JGonz´alez-Rouco JF (2006) Mediterranean summer temperature and winter precipitation, large-scale dynamics, trends. IL Nuovo Cimento 29, 45-54.
Richness and Distribution of Amphibian Species inRelation to Ecological Variables in Western AegeanRegion of Turkey
Eyüp Başkale, Uğur Kaya
Issue: 71, Pages: 25-31, Year: 2009
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2009.713
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
Ecological factors, such as water chemistry variables, regional landscape variables, occurrence of predators, have considerable effects on amphibian distribution and richness. These variables in relation to amphibian species-richness and distribution were investigated by field work studies between February 2006 and August 2008 in freshwater ponds and lakes of Aegean Region, Turkey. Seven amphibian species were observed at the study sites, with mean species richness 4.29±0.34 species per habitat (range= 2 to 6). We used Pearson's correlation coefficients to examine correlations between the variables and to reduce the number of explanatory factors. The data were submitted to a multiple regression analysis at water chemistry and microhabitat scales in order to investigate the most important explanatory factors influencing amphibian species richness and their distribution. According to the results of statistical analysis six regional landscape and nine water chemistry variables were found to be important explanatory factors for amphibian species richness in this region. These results were evaluated and interpreted in term of amphibian conservation and habitat management programs.
Keywords: amphibian species richness, naïve proportion of site occupied, water chemistry, explanatory factors
REFERENCES
- Alford RA (1999) Tadpole ecology: resource use, competition and predation. In: McDiarmid RW and Altig R, (Eds.), Biology of Anuran Larvae. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 240-278.
- Alford RA, Richards SJ (1999) Global amphibian declines: a problem in applied ecology. Annual Reviews of Ecology and Systematics 30, 133-165.
- Bain MB (1999) Substrate. In: Bain, M. B. & N. J. Stevenson, (eds), Aquatic Habitat Assessment: Common Methods. American Fisheries Society, Maryland, 95-105.
- Baran Ý, Atatür MK (1998) Turkish Herpetofauna (Amphibians and Reptiles). T.C. Çevre Bakanlýðý Yay., Ankara.
- Barinaga, M., 1990. Where have all the froggies gone? Science. 247: 1033-1034.
- Beebee TJC (1996) Ecology and Conservation of Amphibians, Chapman & Hall, London. Blaustein AR (1994) Amphibians in a bad light. Natural History 103, 32-39.
- Blaustein AR, Wake DB (1990) Declining amphibian populations: a global phenomenon. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 5, 203-204.
- Blaustein AR, Wake DB (1995) The puzzle of declining amphibian populations. Sci. American 272,52-57.
- Blaustein AR, Wake DB, Sousa WP (1994) Amphibian declines: Judging stability, persistence, and susceptibility of populations to local and global extinctions. Conservation Biology 8, 60-71.
- Blaustein, A. R., Romansic, J. M., Kiesecker, J. M. and Hatch, A. C. 2003. Ultraviolet radiation, toxic chemicals and amphibian population declines. Diversity and Distributions. 9:123-140.
- Carey C, Bryant CJ (1995) Possible interrelations among environmental toxicants, amphibian development, and decline of amphibian populations. Environmental Health Perspectives 103: 13-17
- Carpenter SR, Caraco NF, Correll DL, Howarth RW, Sharpley AN, Smith VH (1998) Nonpoint pollution of surface waters with phosphorus and nitrogen. Ecological Applications 8, 559-568.
- Cassidy BS (2006) One Frog, Two Fish, Red Leg, Few Fish: Stress in the aquatic animal's ecosystem. Animal Lab News Jan/Feb online Viacon Publishing, Inc.
- Çaydam Ö (1974) Ýzmir'de bulunan anura türlerinden Bufo bufo, Bufo viridis (Bufonidae), Rana ridibunda (Ranidae), Pelobates syriacus (Pelobatidae) ve Hyla arborea (Hylidae)'nin üreme biyolojisi üzerinde araþtýrmalar. Ege Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Ýlmi Raporlar Serisi 198, 1-22.
- Duellman WE, Trueb L (1994) Biology of Amphibians. The John Hopkins Press Ltd, London.
- Evans M, Yaber C, Hero JM (1996) Factors influencing choice of breeding site by Bufo marinus in its natural habitat. Copeia 1996, 904-912.
- Fenn ME, Baron JS, Allen EB, Rueth HM, Nydick KR, Geiser L, BowmanWD, Sickman JO, Meixner T, Johnson DW, Neitlich P (2003) Ecological effects of nitrogen deposition in the western United States. BioScience 53, 404-420.
- Fisher RN, Shaffer HB (1996) The decline of amphibians in California's Great Central Valley. Conservation Biology 10, 1387-1397.
- Gagné SA, Fahrig L (2007) Effect of landscape context on anuran communities in breeding ponds in the National Capital Region, Canada. Landscape Ecology 22, 205-215.
- Gardner T (2001) Declining amphibian populations: a global phenomenon in conservation biology. Animal Biodiversity and Conservation 24, 25-44.
- Gascon C (1991) Population- and community-level analyses of species occurrences of central amazonian rainforest tadpoles. Ecology 72, 1731-1746.
- Gehlbach FR, Kennedy SE (1978) Population ecology of a highly productive aquatic salamander (Siren intermedia). The Southwestern Naturalist 23, 423-430.
- Giacoma C (1988) The ecology and distribution of newts in Italy. - Ann. Ist. Mus. Zool. Univ. Napoli 26, 49-84.
- Gillespie GR (2001) The role of introduced trout in the decline of the spotted tree frog (Litoria spenceri) in south-eastern Australia. Biological Conservation 100, 187-198.
- Gillespie GR, Hero JM (1999) Potential impacts of introduced fish and fish translocation on Australian amphibians. In: A. Campbell, ed. Declines and Disappearances of Australian Frogs, 131-144.
- Haramura T (2007) Salinity tolerance of eggs of Buergeria japonica (Amphibia, Anura) inhabiting coastal areas. Zoological Science 24, 820-823.
- Hecnar SJ (1995) Acute and chronic toxicity of ammonium nitrate fertilizer to amphibians from southern Ontario. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 14, 2131-2137.
- Hecnar SJ, M'Closkey RT (1996) Regional dynamics and the status of amphibians. Ecology 77, 2091- 2097.
- Hecnar SJ, M'Closkey RT (1998) Species richness patterns of amphibians in southwestern Ontario ponds. Journal of Biogeography 25, 763-772
- Horne MT, Dunson WA (1995) Effects of low pH, metals and water hardness on larval amphibians. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 29, 500-505.
- Johansson M, Räsänen K, Merilä J (2000) Comparison of nitrate tolerance between different populations of the common frog, Rana temporaria. Aquatic Toxicology 54, 1-14.
- Kats LB, Ferrer RP (2003) Alien predators and amphibian declines: review of two decades of science and the transition to conservation. Diversity and Distributions 9, 99-110.
- Krebs CJ (1972) Ecology: The experimental analysis of distribution and abundance. Harper and Row, New York.
- Krebs, CJ (1989) Ecological methodology. Harper Collins Publishers Inc., New York.
- Kumlutaþ Y, Durmuþ SH, Ilgaz Ç (2000) Yamanlar daðý ve Karagöl civarýndaki kurbaða ve sürüngenlerin taksonomisi ve ekolojisi. Ekoloji Çevre Dergisi 10, 12-16.
- Kumlutaþ Y, Özdemir A, Ilgaz Ç, Tosunoðlu M (2004) On the amphibian and reptile species of Bozdað (Ödemiþ). Turkish Journal of Zoology 28, 317-319.
- Lawyer SP, Dritz D, Strange T, Holyoak M (1999) Effects of introduced mosquitofish and bullfrogs on the threatened California red-legged frog. Conservation Biology 13, 613-622.
- Lips KR, Reaser JK, Young BE, Ibáñez, R (2001). Amphibian monitoring in Latin America: a protocol manual. Herpetological Circulars 30, 1-116.
- Loman J, Lardner B (2006) Does pond quality limit frogs Rana arvalis and Rana temporaria in agricultural landscapes? A field experiment. Journal of Applied Ecology 43, 690-700.
- Marco A, Quilchano C, Blaustein AR (1999) Sensitivity to nitrate and nitrite in pond-breeding amphibians from the Pacific Northwest, USA. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18, 2836-2839. McDiarmid RW (1994) Keys to a successful project: data standards. In: Heyer, W.R., Donnelly, M.A., McDiarmid, R.W., Hayek, L.C., Foster, M.S., (Eds), Measuring and monitoring biological diversity:
- Standard methods for Amphibians. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C., pp. 57-60.
- Moore RD, Griffiths RA, Roman A (2004) Distribution of the Mallorcan midwife toad (Alytes muletensis) in relation to landscape topography and introduced predators. Biological Conservation 116, 327- 332.
- Özeti N, Yýlmaz Ý (1994) Türkiye Amphibileri. Ege Üniv. Fen Fak. Kitaplar Ser. No: 151, Ýzmir.
- Pavignano I, Giacoma C, Castellano S (1990) A multivariate analysis of amphibian habitat determinants in north western Italy. Amphibia-Reptilia 11, 311-324.
- Pellet J, Schmidt BR (2005) Monitoring distributions using call surveys: estimating site occupancy, detection probabilities and inferring absence. Biological Conservation 123, 27-35.
- Phillips K (1990) Frogs in trouble. International Wildlife 20, 4-11.
- Schmidt BR, Pellet J (2005) Relative importance of population processes and habitat characteristics in determining site occupancy of two anurans. Journal of Wildlife Management 69, 884-893.
- Scott JM, Heglund PJ, Samson F, Haufler J, Morrison M, Raphael M, Wall B (Eds.), (2002) Predicting Species Occurrences: Issues of Accuracy and Scale. Island Press, Covello, California, USA.
- Seale DB (1980) Influence of amphibian larvae on primary production, nutrient flux, and competition in a pond ecosystem. Ecology 61, 1531-1550.
- Skei JK, Dolmen DL, Rønning L, Ringsby TR (2006) Habitat use during the aquatic phase of the newts Triturus vulgaris (L.) and T. cristatus (Laurenti) in central Norway: proposition for a conservation and monitoring area. Amphibia-Reptilia 27, 309-327.
- Smith GR, Temple KG, Vaala DA, Dingfelder HA (2005) Effects of nitrate on the tadpoles of two ranids (Rana catesbeiana and R. clamitans). Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 49, 559-562.
- Smith MJ, Schreiber ESG, Scroggie MP, Kohout M, Ough K, Potts J, Lennie R, Turnbull D, Jin C, Clancy T (2007) Associations between anuran tadpoles and salinity in a landscape mosaic of wetlands impacted by secondary salinisation. Freshwater Biology 52, 75-84.
- Spieler M, Linsenmair KE (1997) Choice of optimal oviposition sites by Hoplobatrachus occipitalis (Anura: Ranidae) in an unpredictable and patchy environment. Oecologia 109, 184-199.
- Wassersug RJ, Seibert EA (1975) Behavioral responses of amphibian larvae to variation in dissolved oxygen. Copeia 1975, 86-103.
- Welsh HH, Ollivier LM (1998) Stream amphibians as indicators of ecosystem stress: a case study from California's redwoods. Ecological Applications 8, 1118-1132.
- Werner JK, McCune MB (1979) Seasonal changes in anuran populations in a northern Michigan pond. Journal of Herpetology 13, 101-104.
- Wyman RL (1990) What's happening to the amphibians? Conservation Biology 4, 350-352.
İç Anadolu'dan (Polatlı-Haymana) Astragalo karamasici-Gypsophilion eriocalycis Alyansı İçin Yeni Sintaksonlar
Fatmagül Geven, Osman Ketenoğlu, Ümit Bingöl, Kerim Güney
Issue: 71, Pages: 32-48, Year: 2009
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2009.714
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
In this study, the steppe vegetation between Polatlý-Haymana had been analyzed. The study area is located in the southwest part of Central Anatolia covered with the gypsaceous and marly-gypsaceous soils. The vegetation which is under the effective control of semi arid very cold type of Mediterranean climate was analyzed by the three dimensional ordination technique based on the Braun-Blanquet method. Two new associations were described and classified syntaxonomically. These associations which are defined for the first time are named according to the rules of "International Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature ". Associations and their higher units are as follows:
Class: Astragalo-Brometea Quezel 1973
Order: Onobrychido armeni-Thymetalia leucostomi Akman, Ketenoglu, Quezel 1985
Alliance: Astragalo karamasici-Gypsophillion eriocalycis Ketenoglu, Quezel, Akman, Aydogdu 1983 Association : Salvio-Astragaletum microcephali ass. nova
Association: Minuartio-Acantholimetum acerosi ass. nova
Phytosociological and phytoecological features of these associations had been discussed and compared with the similar assosiations.
Keywords: Haymana, ordination, Polatlý, steppe vegetation, syntaxonomy.
REFERENCES
- Akman Y, Daget PH (1971) Quelques aspects synoptiques des climats de la Turquie. T. 5. Fasc. 3. France.
- Akman Y (1974) Etude Phytosociologique de la region de Beypazarý-Karaþar et Nallýhan, Comm. Fac. Sci. Univ. Ankara. serie C. Tome 18, 51-113
- Akman Y (1976) Etude Phytosociologique Du Massif D' Iþýk. Comm. Fac. Sci. Univ. Ankara. Serie C. Tome 20, 1-30
- Akman Y, Ketenoðlu O (1976) The Phytosociological and Phytoecological Investigation on the Ayaþ Mountains. Comm. Fac. Sci. Univ. Ankara. serie C. Tome 20 suppl. 1, 1-43
- Akman Y, Yurdakulol E, Demirörs M (1983) A phytosociological research on the vegetation of the Semen mountains. Communs Fac. Univ. Ankara. C 1/6, 71-86.
- Akman Y, Ketenoðlu O, Quezel P, Demirörs M (1984) A syntaxonomic study of steppe vegetation in Central Anatolia. Phytoecologia 12(4), 563-584. Stuttgart.
- Akman Y, Quezel P, Ketenoðlu O, Demirörs M (1985a) Ankara, Polatlý, Haymana ve Eskiþehir dolaylarýndaki step vejetasyonunun bitki sosyolojisi yönünden araþtýrýlmasý. Phytocoenologia 12(4), 536-584. Stuttgart.
- Akman Y, Ketenoðlu O, Quezel P (1985b) A new syntaxon from Central Anatolia. Ecologia Mediterranea. XI / 2-3, 111-221. France.
- Akman Y, Ekim T, Büyükburç U, Ketenoðlu O, Karagüllü N (1990) Polatlý Acýkýr alanýnda doðal meralarýn bitki sosyolojisi yönünden araþtýrýlmasý. Tarla Bitkileri Merkez Araþtýrma Enstitüsü. No. 190 Ankara.
- Akman Y (1990) Etude de la végétation steppique des montagnes d'Aydos située au Nord-Ouest d'Ankara, Ecologia Mediterranea, XVI, 223-230. France.
- Akman Y, Quezel P, Barbero M. et all (1991) La vegetation des steppes pelouses ecorchees et a xerophytes epineux de L' Antitaurus dans la partie sub-ouest de L' Anatolie: Phytocoenologia 19, (3), 391- 428.
- Akman Y, Quezel P, Aydoðdu M., et all., (1994) A phytosociological research on the steppe vegetation of the Yapraklý mountains (Çankýrý-Turkey):Ecologia Mediterranea,Tome XX, (3/4), 1-7.
- Akman Y, Vural M, Quezel P, Kurt L, Ketenoðlu O, Serin M, Barbero M (1996) Etude de la Vegetatiion Steppique de la Region de Karaman et Ermenek au sud d' Anatolie Centrale. Ecologia Mediterranea XXII (3/4), 1-20. France.
- Akman Y, Ketenoðlu O, Geven F (2001) Vejetasyon Ekolojisi ve Araþtýrma Metodlarý, Kaynak Kitap, 341 s. Ankara.
- Anonim (1974) D.M.Ý. Gn Md Ortalama Extrem Kýymetler Meteoroloji Bülteni: Baþbakanlýk Basýmevi.
- Anonim (1984) D.M.Ý. Gn Md Ortalama Extrem sýcaklýk ve yaðýþ defteri bülteni: (Günlük-Aylýk) Türk Tarih Kurumu Matbaasý. Ankara.
- Anonim (1994) Ankara Ýli Arazi Varlýðý T. C. Orman ve Köy Ýþleri Bakanlýðý. Ýl Raporu No: 60.
- Aydoðdu M, Ketenoðlu O (1993) Þarkýþla-Kangal -Gürün (Sivas) arasýnda kalan jipsli topraklarda yayýlýþ gösteren bitki topluluklarý üzerine gözlemler. G. Ü. G. Eð. Fak. Der. Yeni Dönem 1: 309-311.
- Aydoðdu M, Akman Y, Quezel P, Barbero M, Ketenoðlu O, Kurt L (1994) Syntaxsonomic Analysis pf Gypsaceous Vegetation of the Surrounding Area Between Ayaþ-Polatlý and Beypazarý (Ankara, Turkey) Ecologia Mediterranea XX (3/4), 9-19. France.
- Aydoðdu M, Ketenoðlu O, Hamzaoðlu E (1999) New syntaxa from Cappadocia (Kýrþehir, Türkiye), Israel J. Of Plant Sciences, 47: 123-129.
- Aydoðdu M, Hamzaoðlu E, Kurt L (2001) The study on the vegetation of Baran Mountain (Kýrþehir), Gazi Üniv. Fen Bil. Ens. Derg., 14 (4), 1375-1386.
- Beals E W (1965) Ordination of some corticolous cryptogamic communities in South Central Wisconsin. Oikos. 16.1-8.
- Birand, H (1947) Über die Vegetationaltnisse der Artemisia steppe als weide: Ank. Univ. Yýllýðý, 197-208.
- Birand H (1954) La vagetation de I' Anatolie Centrale et son equilibre hdyrologique: Exraits des Actes du colloque d' Ank., Sur I' hydrologie de la Zone Aride, 247-254.
- Birand H (1960) Tuzgölü çorakçýl bitkileri: Toprak-Su Gn. Md. Yayýn: 102, Ankara.
- Birand H (1970) Die Verwüstung der Artemisia steppebei Karapýnar in Central Anatolien: Vegetatio (20), 21-47.
- Bray J R and Curtis J T (1957) An ordination on the upland forest communites of Southern Wisconsin. Ecol. Monog. 27, 325-349.
- Braun-Blanquet J (1932) Plant Sociology (translated by Fuller and Cornard) New York, London. Czeczott H (1938) Contribution on the knowledge of the flora and vegetation of Turkey: Feddes Reportorium 107, 1-135.
- Çetik R (1963) The vegetation of Çubuk Dam. Ý. Ü. Fen Fak. Mec. Seri B (3-4), 109-138.
- Çetik R (1965) A study on the range vegetation of Lalahan Zootekni Institue: Polatlý, Altýnova Dev. Ür. Çift. Comm. Fac. Sci., Univ., Ankara C 20, 35-61.
- Çetik R (1985) Türkiye Vejetasyonu I: Ýç Anadolu'nun Vejetasyonu ve Ekolojisi. Selçuk Üniversitesi Yayýnlarý, No:7, Konya.
- Çetik R, Ocakverdi H (1981) Sultandaðlarý Doðanhisar bölgesinin fitososyolojik ve fitoekolojik yönden incelenmesi. S. Ü. Fen Fak. Derg. 2. B, 73-89 Konya.
- Çetik R, Yurdakulol E (1982) Küçük Geyik Daðý (Bozkýr-Konya) ve Civarý Florasýna Katkýlar. S.Ü. Fen Fak. Derg., 2, 167-185.
- Davis P H (1965) Phytogeography of Turkey. In Flora of Turkey and The East Aegean Islands. Edinburgh.
- Davis PH (1965-1984) Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands: Vol I-IX, Edinburg Univ. Press. Davis P H (1988) Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands: Vol X (Supplement), Edinburg Univ. Press.
- Donner J (1990) Distributions maps to P. H. Davis, Flora of Turkey, 1-10. Linzer Biol. Beitr. 22, 381-515.
- Ellenberg H, Mueller-Dombois D (1967) A key to Raunkiaer plant life forms with revisedsubdivisions. Ber. Geobot. Inst. ETH. Stiftg. Rübel. Zürich 37, 56-73.
- Güner A, Özhatay N, Ekim T, Ba?er KHC (eds.) (2000). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands.Vol. 11, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
- Hamzaoðlu E (1999) Kervansaray Daðý step vejetasyonu (Kýrþehir), Gazi Üniv. Fen Bil. Ens. Derg., 12 (4), 1143-1167.
- Hamzaoðlu E, Aydoðdu M (2000) Kargasekmez Daðý vejetasyonu (Kýrþehir), Gazi Üniv. Fen Bil. Ens. Derg., 13(1), 127-139.
- Hamzaoðlu E (2000) Buzluk Daðý vejetasyonu (Kýrþehir), G. Ü. Gazi Eðitim Fak. Derg., 20 (1), 79-89.
- Handel-Mazetti HF Von (1909) Ergebnisse einer botanischen Reise in das Pontische Randgebirge im
- Sandschak Trapezunt, unternommen im Jahre 1907 im Auftrage des Naturwissenschaftlichen Orientvereines in Wien. Ann. K.K. Naturhist.Hofmus. 23(1-2), 6-212.
- Ketenoðlu O, Quezel P, Akman Y, Aydoðdu, M (1983) New Syntaxa on gypsaceous formations in the Central Anatolia. Ecologial Mediterranea, IX (3/4), 211-221.
- Ketenoðlu O, Aydoðdu M (1986) Çankýrý-Çorum-Sungurlu Arasýndaki Bölgenin vejetasyonunun Bitki sosyolojisi yönünden araþtýrýlmasý. Tübitak, TBAG-624.
- Ketenoðlu O, Aydoðdu M, Kurt L, Akman Y, Hamzaoðlu E (2000) Syntaxonomic research on the gypsicole vegetation in Cappadocia, Turkey, Israel J. of Plant Sciences, 48, 121-128.
- Kýlýnç M (1974) Kýrýkkale-Kalecik ve Elmadað arasýndaki serpantin formasyonu üzerine ekolojik ve sosyolojik bir araþtýrma. Bitki 1-4, 479-521.
- Krause K (1940) Batý ve Orta Anadolu Nebat Formasyonlarý (Çeviren: H. Birand): Ziraat Vekaleti Yay., 60, 1-29.
- Kurt L, Kurt F, Evren H, Karakaya A (1999) A Steppic vegetation of the Eldivan Mountain (Çankýrý- Turkey), F.Ü.Fen ve Müh. Derg. 11 (1): 49-57.
- Kurt L (2000) Aksaray-Nevþehir ve Þereflikoçhisar arasý step vejetasyonunun sinekolojik yönden araþtýrýlmasý. F. Ü. Fen ve Müh. Bil. Derg. 12 (1): 51-59.
- Kurt L (2002) The steppe vegetation of Emirdað (Afyon / Turkey), Anadolu Üniv. Bilim ve Teknik Derg., 3 (2): 257-270.
- Muratgeldiyev Y, Küçüködük M, Bingöl Ü, Güney K, Geven F (2000) Ýran-Turan Floristik Bölgesi. S. Ü. Fen Ed. Fak. Fen Derg. No: 16/1, 119-124.
- Ocakverdi H, Ünal A (1991) Karadað' ýn (Karaman) bitki sosyolojisi ve ekolojisi yönünden incelenmesi: Doðu-Tr. J. of Botany, 15, 79-106.
- Quezel P (1973) Contribution a l'etude phytosociologique du massif Taurus. Phytocoenologia 1(2), 131-222. Stuttgart.
- Raunkiaer C (1934) The life forms of plants and statistical plant geography. Oxford University Press,London.
- Shwarz O (1936) Die Vegetationssigliederung West Anatoliens: Bot. Jharb., 67, 297-436.
- Sorensen T A (1948) A method of establishing groups of equal amplitude in plant sociology based on similarity of species content. Biol. Skr. K. Danska Vidensk. Selsk. 5 (4): 1-34.
- Tatlý A, Eyce B, Serin M (1994) Kýzýlören Çal ve Loras Daðlarý (Konya) vejetasyonu. Tr. J. of Botany, 18, 267-288.
- Tutin G T, Heywood VH (1964-1981) Flora Europaea, Vol. I-V, Cambridge Unýv. Press. Towsend CC, Guest E (1966-1980) Flora of Iraq, Vol 1-9, Baghdad.
- Ünalan G, Yüksel V, Tekeli T, Gönenç O, Seyirt Z, Hüseyin S (1976) Haymana-Polatlý yöresinin Üst Kretase-Alt Tersiyer stratigrafisi ve paleocografik evrimi: TJ.K. Bült., 19(2), 159-176.
- Van der Maarel E (1979) Transformation of cover-abundance values in phytosociology and its effects on community similarity. Vegetatio 39, 97-144.
- Vural M, Yaman M, Þahin B (2007) Büyükhemit Deresi ve Civarýnýn (Delice-Kýrýkkale) Vejetasyonu. Ekoloji Derg. 16, 64, 53-62.
- Weber HE, Moravec J, Theurillat J P (2000) International Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature. 3rd edition. Journal of Vegetation Science 11, 739-768, © IAVS; Opulus Pres Uppsala. Printed in Sweden.
- Yurdakulol E, Aydoðdu M, Çetin B (1990) Kýrýkkale-Kalecik-Kýrþehir arasý step vejetasyonunun bitki sosyolojisi yönünden araþtýrýlmasý. Doða-Tr. J. of Botany, 14, 215-234.
- Zohary M (1973) Geobotanical foundations of the Middle East. Vol. I-II. Gustav Fischer Verlag. Stuttgart.
Akdeniz Bitki Coğrafyası Bölgesinde Yayılış Gösteren Bazı Çalı Türlerinde Nitrat Redüktaz Aktivitesi (NRA)
Hülya Arslan, Serap Kırmızı, F. Selcen Sakar, Gürcan Güleryüz
Issue: 71, Pages: 49-56, Year: 2009
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2009.715
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
In this study, Nitrate Reductase Activity (NRA) in different organs (leaf, shoot and flowers-fruits) of 14 shrub species [Arbutus unedo L. (Ericaceae), Paliurus spina-christi Miller (Rhamnaceae), Pistacia terebinthus L. (Anacardiaceae), Quercus cerris L., Q. coccifera L., Q. robur L., Q. trojana T.B. Vebb. (Fagaceae), Jasminum fruticans L., Phillyrea latifolia L. Olea europeae L. (Oleaceae), Cistus creticus, C. laurifolius (Cistaceae), Pyrus amygdaliformis (Rosaceae), Ailanthus altissima Miller (Simaroubaceae)] was investigated. The significant differences were found among shrub species according to examined plant organs (P<0.05). Although NRA was high in leaves of many species, nitrate assimilation properties of Mediterranean shrubs was specific to species. The highest NRA was found in the leaves of Paliurus spina-christi (2.74 ± 0.60 mmol NO -g-1KM. saat-1) whereas it was found in the generative organs of Jasminum fruticans (1.53 ± 0.32 mmol NO - g-1KM. saat-1). The significant positive correlation was not found between leaf NRA and actuel NO -in surrounding soils (P>0.05). But it was found between other plant compartments (shoots and generative orgnas) and actual NO - content in the soils (P<0.05).
Keywords: Mediterranean, mineral N, Nitrate Reductase Activity (NRA), shrub
REFERENCES
- Al Gharbi A, Hipkin CR (1984) Studies on nitrate reductase in British angiosperms. I. Comparison of nitrate redüctase activity in ruderal, woodlandedge and woody species. New Phytologist 7, 629-639.
- Arslan HU, Güleryüz G, Gökçeoðlu M ( 2001) A comparative study on nitrate reductase activity (NRA) of some endemic plants from Uludað National Park. Anadolu University Journal of Science and Technology 2(1), 51-56.
- Arslan H, Güleryüz M (2005) A study on nitrate reductase activity (NRA) of geophytes from Mediterranean environmet. Flora 200, 434-443
- Blevins DG (1989) An Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism in Higher Plants. In: Poulton JE, Romeo JT, Conn EE (eds), Plant Nitrogen Metabolism. Recent Advances in Phytochemistry, Plenum Press, New York, Vol. 23, 1-41.
- Bremner JM, Keeney DR. (1965) Steam distillation methods for determination of ammonium, nitrate and nitrite. Analytica Chemica Acta 32, 485 - 495.
- Carelli MLC, Fahl JI (2006) Partitioning of nitrate reductase activity in Coffea arabica L. and its relation to carbon assimilation under different irradiance regimes. Brazilian Journal of Plant Phytsiology 18(3), 397-406.
- Gebauer G, Melzer A, Rehder H (1984) Nitrate content and nitrate reductase activity (NRA) in Rumex obtusifolius L. I. Differences in organs and diurnal changes, Oecologia 63, 136-142.
- Gebauer G, Rehder H, Wollenweber B (1988) Nitrate, nitrate reduction and organic nitrogen in plants from different ecological and taxonomic groups of Central Europea. Oecologia 75, 371-385.
- Gebauer G, Schulez E-D (1997) Nitrate nutrition of Central European forest trees. In: Rennenberg H, Eschrich W, Ziegler H (eds), Trees-Contribution to Modern Tree Physiology, Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, 273-291.
- Gerlach A (1973) Metdhodische Untersuchungen zur Bestimmung der Stickstoffnetto- mineralisation. Scripta Geobotanica (Göttingen) 5.
- Gojon A, Bussi C, Grignon C, Salsac L (1991) Distribution of NO3- reduction between roots and shoots of peachtree seedlings as affected by NO - uptake rate. Physiologia Plantarum 82, 505-512.Güleryüz G, Arslan H (1999) Nitrate reductase activity in Verbascum L. (Scrophulariaceae) species from the Eastern Mediterranean in dependence of altitude. Turkish Journal of Botany 23, 89-96.
- Güleryüz G (1992) Uludað alpin zonu bitki topluluklarýnda besin maddesi dolaþýmý ve verimlilik üzerinde araþtýrmalar. Doktora Tezi, Uludað Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Bursa.
- Hageman RH, Hucklesby DP (1971) Nitrate Reductase from Higher Plants In: San Pietro A (ed), Methods in Enzymology, Academic Press, London, New York, 491-503.
- Högberg P, Granström A, Johansson T, Lundmark-Thelin A, Nasholm T (1986) Plant nitrate reductase activity as an indicator of availability of nitrate in forest soils. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 16, 1165-1169.
- Högbom L, Ohlson M (1991) Nitrate assimilation in coexisting vascular plants in mire and swamp forest habitats in Central Sweden. Oecologia 87, 495-499.
- Jaworski EG (1974) Nitrate reductase assay in intact plant tissues, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 43, 1274-1279.
- Jiang Z, Hull R J (1999) Partitioning of nitrate assimilation between shoots and roots of Kentucky bluegrass. Crop Science 39, 746-754.
- Kaiser WM, Weiner H, Kandlbinder A, Tsai CB, Rockel P, Sonoda M, Planchet E (2002) Modulation of nitrate reductase: some new insights, an unusual case and a potentially important reaction. Journal of Experimental Botany 53, 875-882.
- Lee JA, Stewart GR (1978) Ecological Aspects of nitrogen metabolism. Advances in Botanical Research 6, 1-43.
- Lodhi MAK, Ruess RW (1988) Variation in soil nitrifiers and leaf nitrate reductase activity of selected tree species in a forest community. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 20, 939-943.
- Marschner H (1995) Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. Academic Press., London.
- Olsson MO, Falkengren-Grerup U (2003) Partitioning of nitrate uptake between trees and understory in oak forests. Forest Ecology and Management 179, 311-320.
- Pate JS (1973) Uptake, assimilatin and transport of nitrogen compunds by plants. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 5, 109-119.
- Pietiläinen P, Lähdesmäk P (1988) Effect of various concentrations of potassium nitrate and ammonium sulphate on nitrate reductase activity in the roots and needles of Scots pine seedlings in N Finland. Annual Botany of Fennici 25, 201-206.
- Smirnoff N, Todd P, Stewart GR (1984) The occurence of nitrate reduction in the leaves of woody plants. Annals of Botany 54, 363-374.
- Solomonson LP, Barber MJ (1990) Assimilatory nitrate reductase: functional properties and regulation. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology 41, 225-253.
- Stadler J, Gebauer G (1992) Nitrate reduction and nitrate content in ash trees (Fraxinus excelsior L.): distrribution between compartments, site comparison and seasonal variation. Trees 6, 236-240.
- Thomas FM, Hilker C (2000) Nitrate reduction in leaves and roots of young pedunculate oaks (Quercus robur) growing in different nitrate concentrations. Environmental and Experimental Botany 43, 19-32.
- Titus JS, Kang S-M (1982) Nitrogen metabolism, translocation, and recycling in apple trees. Horticultural Review 4, 204-246.
- Trubat R, Cortina J, Vilagrosa A (2008) Short-term nitrogen deprivation increases field performans in nursey seedlings of Mediterranean woody species. Journal of Arid Environments 72, 879-888.
- Yandow TS, Klein RM (1986) Nitrate reductase of primary roots of red spruce seedlings. Plant Physiology 81, 723-725.
- Zengin E, Aka Saðlýker H, Darýcý C (2008) Carbon Mineralization of Acacia cyanophylla Soils under the Different Temperature and Humidity Conditions. Ekoloji 18, 69, 1-6.
Kadmiyumun Ceratophyllum demersum L. Üzerindeki Bazı Fizyolojik ve Morfolojik Etkileri
Muhittin Doğan, Saadet Demirörs Saygıdeğer
Issue: 71, Pages: 57-64, Year: 2009
DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2009.716
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
In this study, some physiological and morphological changes were investigated in Ceratophyllum demersum L. which is treated with different concentrations of Cd (0, 0.01, 0.1 and 1 mg L-1) during 96 hours. At low concentrations of Cd, considerable morphological changes did not occur but leaf shedding and partial tissue softening were observed at 1 mg Cd L-1 concentration. In the macrophyte treated with 0, 0.01, 0.1 and 1 mg Cd L-1, Cd concentrations of macrophyte tissues increased 15.4, 33.5 and 160.0 fold, respectively, compared to control. Total soluble carbohydrate and protein amounts were decreased by Cd treatment. Determined increase in the amounts of proline and cysteine aminoacids indicate their roles in response to Cd stress. The maximum increases in total ascorbate contents were determined as 91.5% at concentrations of 1 mg Cd L-1. On the other hand, observed increase in lipid peroxidation showed that oxidative damage occurred in membranes resulting from Cd stress.
Keywords: Cadmium, ceratophyllum demersum, physiological and morphological effects
REFERENCES
- Bates LS, Waldren RP, Teare D (1973) Rapid determination of free proline for water stress studies. Plant Soil 39, 205-297.
- Beltagi MS, Saleh AAH, El-Meleigy El-SA (2002) Effect of cadmium and paclobutrazol on anabolic capacities and electrophoteric protein patterns in peanut (Arachis hypogeae) Plant. Pakistan J. Biol. Sci. 5, 196-200.
- Best EPH, Meulemans TJ (1979) Photosynthetic characteristics of the submerged macrophyte Ceratophyllum demersum. Aquat. Bot. 6,53-65.
- Best EPH (1986) Photosynthetic characteristics of the submerged macrophyte Ceratophyllum demersum. Physiol. Plant 68, 502-510.
- Cakmak Ý, Marschner H (1992) Magnesium deficiency and high light intensity enhance activities of superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase in bean leaves. Plant Physiol. 98, 1222-1227.
- Cobbett CS (2000) Phytochelatins and their roles in heavy metal detoxification. Plant Physiol.123, 825-832.
- Craft CC, Audia WV (1962) Phenolic substances associated with wound-barier formation in vegetables. Bot. Gaz. 123, 211-219.
- Das P, Samantaray S, Rout GR (1997) Studies on cadmium toxicity in plants: a review. Environ. Pollut. 98, 29-36.
- Dhir B, Sharmila P, Saradhi PP (2004) Hydrophytes lack potential to exhibit cadmium stress induced enhancement in lipid peroxidation and accumulation of proline. Aquat. Toxicol. 66, 141-147.
- Di Toppi LS, Gabbrielli R (1999) Response to cadmium in higher plants. Environ. Exp. Bot. 41, 105-130.
- Di Toppi LS, Lambardi M, Pazzagli L, Cappugý G, Durante M, Gabbrielli R (1998) Response to cadmium in carrot in vitro plants and cell suspension cultures. Plant Sci. 137, 119-129.
- Dubois M, Gilles KA, Hamilton JK, Rebers PA, Smith F (1956) Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Anal. Chem. 28, 350-356.
- Farago ME, Mullen WA (1979). Plants which accumulate metals. Part IV. A possible copper-proline complex from the roots of Armeria maritima. Inorg. Chim. Acta 32, 93-94.
- Foy CD, Chaney RL, White MC (1978) The physiology of metal toxicity in plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 29, 511-566.
- Gaitonde MK. 1967. A spectrophotometric method for the direct determination of cysteine in the presence of other naturally occurring amino acids. Biochem. J. 104, 627-633.
- Ghnaya T, Nouairi I, Slama I, Messedi D, Grignon C, Abdelly C, Ghorbel MH (2005) Cadmium effects on growth and mineral nutrition of two halophytes: Sesuvium portulacastrum and Mesembryanthemum crystallinum. J. Plant Physiol. 162, 1133-1140.
- Grill E, Winnacker EL, Zenk MH (1985) Phytochelatins, the principal heavy metal complexing peptides of higher plants. Science 230, 674-676.
- Gupta P, Chandra P (1996) Response of cadmium to Ceratohyllum demersum L., rootless submerged plant. Waste Manage.16, 335-337.
- Hart BA, Scaife BD (1977) Toxicity and bioaccumulation of cadmium in Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Environ. Res. 14, 401-413.
- Hodges DM, Delong JM, Forney CF, Frange RK (1999) Improving the thiobarbituric acid-reactive- substances assay for estimating lipid peroxidation in plant tissues containing anthocyanin and other interfering componds. Planta 207, 604-611.
- Hund A, Fracheboud Y, Soldati A, Stamp P (2008) Cold tolerance of maize seedlings as determined by root morphology and photosynthetic traits. Europ. J. Agronomy 28, 178-185.
- Iannelli MA, Pietrini F, Fiore L, Petrilli L, Massacci A (2002) Antioxidant response to cadmium in Phragmites australis plants. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 40, 977-982.
- Lavid N, Schwartz A, Tel Yarden O, Or E (2001) The involvement of polyphenols and peroxidase activities in heavy-metal accumulation by epidermal glands of the waterlily (Nymphaeaceae). Planta 212, 323-331.
- Lockwood MP (1976) Effects of Pollutants on aquatic organisms. Cambridge University Press, New York.
- Lowry OH, Rosenbrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ (1951) Protein measurement with folin phenol reagent. J. of Biol. Chem. 193, 265-275.
- Mehta SK, Gaur JP (1999) Heavy metal-induced proline accumulation and its role in ameliorating metal toxicity in Chlorella vulgaris. New Phytol. 143, 253-259.
- Mohan BS, Hosetti BB 1997. Potential phytotoxicity of lead and cadmium to Lemna minor grown in Sewage Stabilization Ponds. Environ. Pollut. 9: 233-238.
- Nyquist J, Greger M (2007) Uptake of Zn, Cu, and Cd in metal loaded Elodea canadensis. Environ. Exp. Bot. 60, 219-226.
- Öncel I, Keleþ Y, Üstün AS (2000) Interactive effects of temperature and heavy metal stress on the growth and some biochemical compounds in wheat seedlings. Environ. Pollut. 107, 315-320.
- Ornes WH, Sajwan KS (1993) Cadmium accumulation and bioavailibility in contail (Ceratophyllum demersum L.) plants. Water Air Soil Poll. 69, 291-300.
- Öztürk L, Eker S, Özkutlu F, Cakmak Ý (2003) Effect of cadmium on growth and concentrations of cadmium, ascorbic acid and sulphydryl groups in durum wheat cultivars, Turk,. J. Agric. For. 27, 161-168. Prasad MNV, Greger M, Aravind P (2006) Biogeochemical cycling of trace elements by aquatic and wetland plants: relevance to phytoremediation. In: Prasad MNV, Sajwan KS, Naidu Ravi (Eds). Trace elements in the environment: biogeochemistry, biotechnology and bioremediation. Boca raton, FL: CRC Press; London: Taylor and Francis, p. 451-82.
- Quariti O, Boussama N, Zarrouk M, Cherif A, Ghorbal MH (1997) Cadmium and copper induced changes in tomato membrane lipids. Phytochemistry 45, 1343-1350.
- Rama Devi S, Prasad MNV (2004) Membrane lipid alterations in heavy metal exposed plant. In: Prasad, MNV, Hagemeyer J (Eds.) Heavy Metal Stress in Plants, From Molecules to Ecosystems. Springer- Verlag, Berlin, p. 99-116.
- Ratkevicius N, Correa JA, Moenne A (2003) Copper accumulation, synthesis of ascorbate and activation of ascorbate peroxidase in Enteromorpha compressa (L.) Grev. (Chlorophyta) from heavy metal- enriched environments in northern Chile. Plant Cell Environ. 26, 159-1608.
- Root RA, Miller RJ, Koeppe DE (1975) Uptake of cadmium-its toxicity and effect on the iron-to-zinc ratio in hydroponically grown corn. J. Environ. Qual. 4, 473-476.
- Ruiz JM, Romero L (2001) Bioactivity of the phenolic compounds in higher plants. In: Rahman A (ed. Studies in Natural Products Chemistry.Vol. 25. Elsevier Science, pp. 651-681.
- Saygýdeðer S, Doðan M, Keser G (2004) Effect of lead and pH on lead uptake, chlorophyll and nitrogen content of Typha latifolia L. and Ceratophyllum demersum L. Int. J. Agr. Biol. 6, 168-172.
- Sharma A, Mukherjee A, Talukder G (1985) Modification of cadmium toxicity in biological systems by other metals. Cur. Sci. 54, 539-549.
- Sharmila P, Pardha Saradhi P, (2002) Proline accumulation in heavy metal stressed plants: an adaptive strategy. In: Prasad MNV, Strazlka K (eds) Physiology and Biochemistry of Metal Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 179-199.
- Torricelli E, Gorbi G, Pawlik-Skowronska B, di Toppi LS, Corradi MG (2004) Cadmium tolerance, cysteine and thiol peptide levels in wild type and chromium-tolerant strains of Scenedesmus acutus (Chlorophyceae). Aquat. Toxicol. 68, 315-323.
- Wagner GJ (1993) Accumulation of cadmium in crop plants and its consequences to human health. Adv. Agron. 51, 173-212.
- Wu FB, Chen F, Wei K, Zhang GP (2004) Effect of cadmium on free amino acid, glutathione and ascorbic acid concentrations in two barley genotypes (Hordeum vulgare L.) differing in cadmium tolerance. Chemosphere 57, 447-454.