Torbalı Ovasının Kuzey ve Güney Kesimlerinin Alüvyal Gelişimi ve Doğal Ortam Değişmelerine Etkileri
Serdar VARDAR, Ergün SARIÖZ
Issue: 60, Pages: 55-64, Year: 2006
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
The purpose of the study is to illuminate the alluvial morphological evolution with respect to changing Geographical surroundings and environmental effects through the historical progression in the Torbalý Plain. For that reason, first of all, data from drills in the region were collected, the alluvial materials obtained from the drill-bore holes have been analysed and then micro and macro biologic remains, and fossils were used as good indicators reflecting different environments. As a result of the investigations, from the pre-Holocene base to the present plain surface three different alluvial units were determined. These units have different habitats and reflect different geographical environments. These three units in the northern part of the Torbalý Plain from the base to the surface are as follows: Pre-Holocene basement deposits, lacustrine-swamp fills and Fetrek stream flood fillings. Contrary to these layers, the units in the southern part of the plain from bottom to surface are as follows; Pre-Holocene fillings, marsh, lacustrine- shallow marine sediments, and Kucuk Menderes river flood filling sediments. From these findings, it is estimated that ancient settlements such as Metropolis was set up at the edge of the plain or on the slopes of the mountains because of the negative environmental effects of lakes and swampy fields in the flood plain. By the changing of the environmental conditions in the region, the findings implicated that new settlements started to develop towards the central parts of the Torbalý Plain.
Keywords: Alluvial geomorphology, environmental changes, Metropolis, Torbalý Plain
REFERENCES
- Atalay I (1992) Paleogeography of the Near East from Late Pleistocene to Early Holocene and Human Impact. Ege University Press, Ýzmir.
- Atalay I (1998) Paleoenvironmental conditions of the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene in Anatolia, Turkey. In: Alsharhan AS, Glennie KW, Whittle GL, Kendall CGSC (eds), Quaternary Deserts and Climatic Change, A. A. Balkema Publication, Rotterdam, Brookfield, 227-238.
- Atalay I (2002) Effects of the tectonic movements in the shaping of the Western Anatolia. Turkey- Romania Geographica Academic Seminar on the Geographical Potential, Problem and Sustainable Development. In: Proc. of the First Turkish-Romania Colloquim, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Yay., Ýzmir, 19-36.
- Bozbay E, Kozan AT, Biran A, Öðdüm F (1986) Küçük Menderes havzasýnýn (batý ve orta bölümü) jeomorfolojisi. Maden Tetkik Arama Raporu 80008, Ankara.
- Brinkmann R (1971) The Geology of Western Anatolia. In: Campbell AS (ed) Geology and History of Turkey, Petrol Exploration Society Publications, Tripoli, 171-189.
- Buldan Ý (1996) Ýzmir-Bayýndýr arasýndaki sahanýn jeomorfolojisi. Doktora Tezi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ýzmir.
- Dora OÖ, Candan O, Dürr S, Oberhanslý R, (1995) New evidance on the geotectonic evolution of the Menderes Massif. In: Piþkin Ö, Ergün M, Savaþçýn MY, Tarcan G (eds), International Earth Sciences Colloquýum on the Aegean Region (IESCA), 9 October 1995, Ýzmir, 53-72.
- Ercan T (1982) Batý Anadolu'nun Genç Tektoniði ve Volkanizmasý. In: Erol O, Oygür V (eds), Batý Anadolu'nun Genç Tektoniði ve Volkanizmasý Paneli, Türkiye Jeoloji Kurultayý, 13 Mayýs 1982, Ankara, 5- 14.
- Gökçen S, Kazancý N, Yaþar D, Gökçen N, Bayhan E (1990) Küçük Menderes Delta Kompleksi ve Geliþiminde Aktif Tektonizma Etkileri. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni 33, 15-29.
- Gözenç S (1978) Küçük Menderes Havzasýnda Arazi Kullanýþý ve Sýnýflandýrmasý. Ýstanbul Üniversitesi Yayýnlarý, No: 2396, Ýstanbul.
- Ýzdar E (1971) Introduction to geology and metamorphism of Menderes Massif of Western Turkey. In: Campbell A S (Ed), Geology and History of Turkey, Petrol Exploration Society Publications, Tripoli, 495-500.
- KayanÝ, Öner E, Uncu L, Vardar S, Hocaoðlu B (2003) Geoarcheological Interpretations of the Troian Bay. In: Wagner GA, Pernicka E, Uerpmann HP (eds), Troia and the Troad, Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 379-401.
- Kayan Ý (1988) Late Holocene sea-level changes on the Western Anatolian coast. Paleogeography- Paleoclimatology-Paleoecology 68, 205-218.
- Kayan Ý (1997) Bronze Age Regression and Change of Sedimentation On The Aegean Coastal Plain of Anatolia (Turkey). Third Millenium BC Climate Change and Old World Collapse. NATO ASI Series Vol: 149, Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg.
- Kayan Ý (1999) Alluvial Geomorphology of the Küçük Menderes plains and geo-archaeological interpretations on sites of Ephesos. Atken des Symposium, Archaologische Forschungen Band 1, Verlag der Osterreichischen Akademie der Wissenchafen, 14 April 1995, Wien, 373-379.
- Koçman A (1989) Uygulamalý Fiziki Coðrafya Araþtýrmalarý ve Ýzmir-Bozdaðlar Yöresi Üzerine Araþtýrmalar. Ege Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Yayýnlarý No: 49, Ýzmir.
- Lambrianides K, Spencer N, Vardar S, Gümüþ H (1996) The Madra Çay Delta Archaeological Project, First Preliminary Report. Anatolian Studies 46,167-200.
- Meriç R (1988) Antik dönemde Küçük Menderes havzasýnýn tarihsel coðrafyasýna genel bakýþ. Ege Coðrafya Dergisi 4, 202-211.
- Öner E, Uncu L, Vardar S, Hocaoðlu B (2000) Troya'dan Didi Gora'ya. Ege Coðrafya Dergisi 11, 147-160.
- Savaþçýn Y (1982) Batý Anadolu'nun Genç Tektoniðinin Jeomorfolojik Sonuçlarý. In: Erol O, Oygür V (eds), Batý Anadolu'nun Genç Tektoniði ve Volkanizmasý Paneli, Türkiye Jeoloji Kurultayý, 13 Mayýs 1982, Ankara, 22-38.
Floristic Features of Pinus pinea Forests in Kahramanmaraş (Eastern-Mediterranean Region of Turkey)
Ömer VAROL
Issue: 60, Pages: 1-7, Year: 2006
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
Pinus pinea (Stone pine) forests are not widespread in the world. The spread area of stone pine around the world indicates that it is a taxon localized in the Mediterranean Basin. In this study the floristic features of P. pinea forests in the Eastern-Mediterranean region of Turkey was investigated. 130 taxon belonging to 109 genera and 34 families were identified in the study area. Distribution numbers and rates of the taxon in terms of phytogeographic regions are as follows: Mediterranean elements 34 (26.15%), Irano- Turanian 16 (12.30%) and Euro-Siberian elements 3 (2.30%). The numbers of endemic taxa are 5 and the rate of endemism is 3.84%.
Keywords: Eastern-Mediterranean, floristic composition, Kahramanmaraþ, Pinus pinea, Turkiye
REFERENCES
- Akgül ME, Yýlmaz A (1991) Türkiye'de Fýstýk Çamýnýn Ekolojik Özellikleri. Ormancýlýk Araþtýrma Enstitüsü, Bülten No: 215, Ankara.
- Akman Y (1990) Ýklim ve Biyoiklim. Palme Yayýnlarý, Ankara.
- Anonymous (1989) Soil Map of the World. World Soil Resources Report 60. Rome, ISRIC (International Soil Reference and Information Centre), Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Anonymous (2001) Ortalama, Ekstrem Sýcaklýk ve Yaðýþ Deðerleri Bülteni. Devlet Meteoroloji Ýþleri Genel Müdürlüðü, Ankara.
- Anonymous (2001) IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 3.1, IUCN species Survival Commision, Gland-Switzerland and Cambridge.
- Brummitt RK, Powell CE (1992) Authors of Plant Names. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, U.K. Davis PH (ed.) (1965-1985) Flora of Turkey and East Aegean Islands. Vol. I-IX, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
- Davis PH, Mill R, Tan K (eds.) (1988) Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Vol. X, (Suppl.), Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
- Karaer F, Terzioðlu S, Kutbay HG (1998) Karadeniz Bölgesi Pinus pinea L. Ormanlarýnýn Floristik ve Fitososyolojik Yapýsý. In: XIV. Ulusal Biyoloji Kongresi, 1, 7-10 Eylül 1998, Samsun, 223-239.
- Heywood VH, Tutin GT (1964-1981) Flora Europaea. Vol. I-V., Cambridge University Press, London.
- Selçuk H (1964) Fýstýkçamýnýn (Pinus pinea L.) Özellikleri, Ekonomik Deðeri ve Yetiþtirme, Bakým Tekniði Hakkýnda Rapor. Orman Genel Müdürlüðü Teknik Haber Bülteni, Sayý 10, Ankara.
- Varol Ö, Tatlý A (2002) Phytosociological Investigation of a Pinus pinea L. Forest in the East- Mediterranean Region (K.Maraþ). Plant Ecology 158, 2, 223-228.
- Varol Ö (2003) Floristic composition and diversity of a Pinus pinea L. forest in the West-Anatolia Region (Muðla-Turkey). Flora Mediterranea 13, 331-346.
- Zohary M (1973) Geobotanical foundations of the Middle East. I-II, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stutgtart.
Sultansazlığı Bataklığı Halofitik Toplulukları Üzerine Fitososyolojik Bir Çalışma (İç Anadolu-Kayseri)
Ergin HAMZAOĞLU, Ahmet AKSOY
Issue: 60, Pages: 8-15, Year: 2006
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
In this study, the results of a phytosociological research carried out in the halophytic communities of the Sultansazligi marsh are given (Inner Anatolia-Kayseri). The halophytic vegetation, which is under the influence of a semi-arid, very cold Mediterranean climate, was analyzed according to the Braun-Blanquet's approach. The communities which are defined for the first time are named according to the rules of "International Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature". Associations and their higher units are as follows:
Class: Salicornietea Order: Halostachyetalia
Association: Halocnemetum strobilacei Alliance: Lepidio caespitosi-Limonion iconici
Association: Lepidio caespitosi-Limonietum iconici
Order: Juncetalia maritimi
Alliance: Inulo aucheranae-Elymion salsi
Association: Inulo aucheranae-Elymetum salsi
Association: Tamaricetum parviflorae-tetrandrae ass. nov.
Keywords: Inner Anatolia, syntaxonomy, salt marsh
REFERENCES
- Akman Y (1990) Ýklim ve Biyoiklim. Palme Yayýnevi, Ankara.
- Akman Y, Daget PH (1971) Quelques aspects synoptigues des climats de la Turquie. Bulletin Societe Languedocienne Geographie 5, 270-300.
- Aksoy A (2004) Flora of Sultansazlýðý (Kayseri). Final Report, GEF-II Project, Ankara.
- Allen ES (1989) Chemical analysis of ecological materials. Blacwell Scientific Publications, Oxford. Anonymous (1984) Ortalama, Extrem Sýcaklýk ve Yaðýþ Deðerleri Bülteni (Günlük-Aylýk). Devlet Meteoroloji Ýþleri, Ankara.
- Anonymous (2001) IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. IUCN Species Survival Commission. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
- Aydoðdu M, Hamzaoðlu E, Kurt L (2002) New halophytic syntaxa from Central Anatolia (Turkey). Israel Journal of Plant Science 50, 313-323.
- Barkman JJ, Doing H, Segal S (1964) Kritische Bemerkungen und Vorschläge zur quantitativen Vegetationsanalyse. Acta Botanica Neerlandica 13, 394-419.
- Birand H (1961) Orta Anadolu bozkýrýnda vejetasyon incelemelerinin ilk sonuçlarý, I. Tuz Gölü çorakçýl bitki birlikleri. Topraksu Umum Müdürlüðü Neþriyatý 103, C5, 1-56.
- Black CA (1970) Toprak Bitki Münasebetleri. Atatürk Üniversitesi Yayýnlarý, Ziraat Fakültesi Tercüme Serisi, No. 75, Erzurum.
- Braun-Blanquet J (1951) Les Groupements Végétaux de la France Méditerranéenne. Centre National de la Recherche Scientque, Montpellier.
- Braun-Blanquet J (1964) Pflanzensoziologie-Grundzüge der Vegetationskunde. Springer Verlag, Wien and New York.
- Brummitt KK, Powell CE (1992) Authors of Plant Names. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Davis PH ed. (1965-1985) Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands, Vol. 1-9. Edinburgh Univ. Pres, Edinburgh.
- Donner J (1990) Distributions maps to P.H. Davis, Flora of Turkey, 1-10. Linzer Biologischen Beiträge 22, 381-515.
- Ellenberg H, Mueller-Dombois D (1967) A key to Raunkiaer plant life forms with revised subdivisions. Berichte Geobotanischen Institutes ETH Stiftung Rübel 37, 56-73.
- Oakes H (1958) Türkiye Topraklarý. Türk Ziraat Mühendisleri Birliði Neþriyatý, Ankara.
- Raunkiaer C (1934) The life forms of plants and statistical plant geography. Clarendon Press, Oxford. Topa E (1939) La Végétation des halophytes du Nord de la Roumanie. Bulletin Faculty Stünte din Cernauti 13, 58-80.
- Turan L (2004) Fauna of Sultansazlýðý (Kayseri). Final Report, GEF-II Project, Ankara.
- Walter H (1956) Klima-Diagramme als Grundlage zur Feststellung von Dürrezeiten (climate diagrams as basis for the determination of times of drought). Wasser Nahrung 1, 1-11.
- Weber HE, Moravec J, Theurillat JP (2000) International Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature, 3rd ed. Vegetation Science 11, 739-768.
- Yýldýrýmlý Þ, Öztekin M (2000) The Flora of Sultansazlýðý (prov. Kayseri, Turkey). Botanica Chronika 13, 389-408.
- Yurdakulol E (1974) Konya ovasýndaki çorak bataklýklarýn vejetasyonunun bitki sosyolojisi yönünden araþtýrýlmasý. Bitki 1, 257-277.
- Yurdakulol E, Ercoþkun T (1990) Orta Anadolu' da çorak alanlarýn vejetasyonu üzerinde ekolojik ve sintaksonomik araþtýrma. Turkish Journal of Botany 14, 109-123.
- Zohary M (1973) Geobotanical Foundations in the Middle East. Vols. 1-2, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart.
Çeşitli Ağaç ve Otsu Bitki Ekstraktlarından Çevre ile Uyumlu Doğal Renklendirici ve Koruyucu Ağaç Üstyüzey İşlem Boyalarının Geliştirilmesi ve Renk Değerlerinin Belirlenmesi
Osman GÖKTAŞ, Ramazan MAMMADOV, Mehmet Emin DURU, Ergün BAYSAL, Ayşen Melda ÇOLAK, Ertan ÖZEN
Issue: 60, Pages: 16-23, Year: 2006
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
In this study, the aim is to derive some water-based wood surface dyes which are extracted from different trees and herbaceous plants. For this purpose, wood specimens were prepared from yellow pine (Pinus sylvestris) and beech (Fagus orientalis). The extracts for dyings were derived from walnut (Juglans regia) shells skins, oleander (Nerium oleander), saffron (Crocus sativus) and madder root (Rubia tinctorium). After the application of dyes derived from plant extracts, the color value of the wood surface was determined according to the ISO 2470 standard (CIELAB-1976-Commission International de I'Eclaireage). Results showed that, all of the dyes generated from natural plant extracts had aesthetic properties; thus, they could be utilized in wood-based furniture and decoration products finishing.
Keywords: CIELAB-76, natural pigments, ISO 2470, wood painting
REFERENCES
- Abdullaev FI (2003a) Crocus sativus (Saffron) Against Cancer. Letter to the editor, Archives of Medical Research 34, 4, 354.
- Abdullaev FI (2003b) Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) and its possible role in the prevention of cancer. In: Majumdar DK, Govil JN, Sing VK, (eds), Recent progress in medical plant, SCI Tech Publishing LLC, Houston, TX, 8, 53-67.
- Adam SEI, Al-Yahya A, Al-Farhan AH (2001) Response of Najdi sheep to oral administration of Citrullus colocynthis fruits, Nerium oleander leaves or their mixture. Small Ruminant Research 40, 3, 239- 244.
- Alemdaroðlu T (1998) Aðaç Kimyasý. Özcan Ofset, Ankara.
- Alonso GL, Salinas M R, Esteban-Infantes FJ, Sanchez FMA (1996) Determination of safranal from saffron (Crucus sativus L.) by thermal desortion-gas chromatography. J. Agric. Food Chem. 44, 185-188.
- Anonymous (1996) The Merck Index. 11th ed. Merck Co. Inc., Rahway, N.S., USA.
- Antilano RA (1981) Screening Oleander Cultivars for Resistance to Witches' Broom. Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society 94, 218-219.
- Baykan Ý, Kýlýç Y, Bakýr K (2000) Mobilya Endüstrisinde Üstyüzey Ýþlemleri. KOSGEB Yayýnlarý, Ankara.
- Bechtold T, Turcanu A, Ganglberger E, Geissler S (2003) Natural dyes in modern textile dyehouses how to combine experiences of two centuries to meet the demands of the future? Journal of Cleaner Production 11, 499-509.
- Bozkurt Y, Göker Y (1986) Tabakalý Aðaç Malzeme Teknolojisi. Ýstanbul Üniversitesi, Orman Fakültesi Yayýnlarý No: 3402/379, Ýstanbul.
- Bruneton J (1993) Pharmacogosy, phytochemistry, medicinal plants. Lavoiser Publishing, Paris.
- Derksen GCH, Beek TA, Groot E, Capelle A (1998) High-performance liquid chromatographic method for the analysis of anthraquinone glycosides and aglycones in madder root (Rubia tinctorum L.). Journal of Chromatography A, 816, 277-281.
- Dogan Y, Baslar S, Mert HH, Ay G (2003) Plants Used as Natural Dye Sources in Turkey. Economic Botany 57, 4, 442-453.
- Edwards HGM, Farmell DW, Daffner L (1996) Fourier-transform Raman spectroscopic study of natural waxes and resins. Specrochimica Acta Part A: Moleculer Spectroscopy 52, 1639-1648.
- Gölcü A, Dolaz M, Dýðrak M, Serin S (2002) The Biological Activity of Dryer's Madder (Rubia tinctorium L.). In: 1st International Congress on the Chemistry of Natural Products, October 16-19, 2002, Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi, Trabzon, 255-258.
- Hosseinzadeh H, Karimi Gh, Niapoor M (2004) Antidepressant effects of Crocus sativus L. stigma extracts and its constituents, crocin and safranal in mice. Acta Hort. (ISHS) 650, 435-445
- Hosseinzadeh H, Khosravan V (2002) Anticolvunsant effects of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Crocus sativus L. stigmas in mice. Arch Irn Med 5, 44-47.
- Hosseinzadeh H, Younesi HM (2002) Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of Crocus sativus L. stigma and petal extracts in mice. BMC Pharmacol 2, 1-8.
- Hussain MA, Gorsi MS (2004) Antimicrobiyal activity of Nerium oleander L. Asian J. of Plants Sciences 3, 2, 177-180.
- Karadað R (2001) Doðal Boyamacýlýkta Kullanýlan Boyarmadde Kaynaklarý ve Mordan Maddelerinin Boyamaya Etkisi. Öneri 4, 16, 71-75.
- Kurtoðlu A (1985) Kimyasal Odun Koruma Maddelerinin Çevre Saðlýðýna Etkileri. In: Ahþap Malzemenin Korunmasý Semineri, 21-22 Kasým 1984, MPM Yayýn No: 338, Ankara, 227-253.
- Lovell RC (1998) Some biblical plants of dermatological importance. Clinics in Dermatology 16, 33-40.
- Luciana GA, Lusia P, Paola B, Alessandra B (1997) Rubia tinctorium a source of natural dyes: agronomic evaluation, quantitative analysis of alizarin and industrial assays. Idustrial Crops and Products 6, 303-311.
- Matamala G, Smeltzer W, Droguett G (2000) Comparison of steel anticorrosive protection formulated with natural tannins extracted from acacia and pine bark. Corrosion Science 42, 1351-1362.
- Peker H (1997) Mobilya Üst Yüzeylerinde Kullanýlan Verniklere Emprenye Maddelerinin Etkileri. Doktora Tezi, Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Orman Endüstri Mühendisliði Ana Bilim Dalý, Trabzon.
- Pieroni A, Quave LC, Villanelli ML, Mangino P, Sabbatini G, Santini L, Boccetti T, Profili M, Ciccioli T, Rampa LG, Antonini G, Girolamini C, Cecchi M, Tomasi M (2004) Ethnopharmacognostic survey on the natural ingredients used in folk cosmetics, cosmeceuticals and remedies for healing skin diseases in the inland Marches, Central-Eastern Italy. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 91, 331-344.
- Salthammer T, Bednarek M, Fuhrmann F, Funaki R, Tanabe SI (2002) Formation of organic indoor air pollutants by UV-curing chemistry. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 152, 1- 9.
- Salthammer T, Schwarz A, Fuhrmann F (1998) Emission of reactive compounds and secondary products from wood-based furniture coatings. Atmosferic Environment 33, 75-84.
- Silva HA, Fonseka MMD, Pathmeswaran A, Alahakone DGS, Ratnatilake GA, Gunatilake SB, Ranasinha CD, Lalloo DG, Aronson JK, Silva HJ (2003) Multiple-dose activated charcoal for treatment of yellow oleander poisoning: a single-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The Lancet 361, 9373, 1935-1938.
- Singh R, Jain A, Shikha P, Deepti G, Khare SK (2005) Antimicrobial activity of some natural dyes. Dyes and Pigments 66, 99-102.
- Sönmez A (1996) Mobilya Üstyüzey Test Metotlarý. Standard Dergisi 416, 73-75. Sönmez A, Budakçý M (2004) Aðaçiþlerinde Üstyüzey Ýþlemleri II. Sevgi ofset, Ankara.
- Tsatsaroni E, Liakopoulou KM, Eleftheriadis I (1998) Comparative study of dyeing properties of two yellow natural pigments-Effect of enzymes and proteins. Dyes and Pigments 37, 4, 307-315.
- Van Hellemont J (1986) Compendium de Phytotherapie go. Association Pharmaceutique Belge, Bruxelles.
- Wheals BB, Wright MM (1987) Pyrolysis-mass spectrometry of natural gums, resins, and waxes and its us efor detecting such materials in ancient Egyptian mummy cases (cartonnages). Journal of Analytical and Applied Prolysis 11, 195-211.
- Wichtl M, Anton R (1999) Plantes Thérapeutiques, Tradition, Pratique Officinale, Science et Thérapeutique. 3ème édition, Technique & Documentation Lavoisier, Paris.
Peyzaj Patern Metrikleriyle Balıkesir Ovası ve Yakınında Habitat Parçalılığında ve Kalitesinde Meydana Gelen Değişim (1975-2000)
Şermin TAĞIL
Issue: 60, Pages: 24-36, Year: 2006
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study is to identify the change of landuse/landcover (LULC) landscape patterns, qualify habitat fragmentation, degredation and habitat quality in the Balikesir plain and its surroundings in the NW part of Anatolia. The study area has different habitats in terms of vegetation cover and biomass productivity. However, the human-induced effects have caused the ecosystem and/or habitat to change. Analysis shows that this change occurred from the bush community to the meadow and bare lands. Main conclusions of the study are that human-induced habitat loss and fragmentation of dominant habitats were increased, especially quality of brush and shrub rangeland and that herbaceous rangeland habitats decreased and deteriorated, and during the study period, the biomass productivity has decreased from bush productivity to the low productivity habitat characterized by meadow and bare land.
Keywords: Balikesir Plain, habitat fragmentation, landscape ecology, pattern metrics, remote sensing
REFERENCES
- Andrén H (1994) Effects of habitat fragmentation on birds and mammals in landscapes with different proportions of suitable habitat. Oikos 71, 355-366.
- Atalay Ý (2002) Türkiye'nin Ekolojik Bölgeleri. Meta Basým Evi, Ýzmir.
- Bastian O (2001) Landscape ecology: towards a unified discipline? Landscape Ecology 16, 757-766.
- Bender DJ, Contreras TA, Fahrig L (1998) Habitat loss and population decline: a meta analysis of the patch size effect. Ecology 79, 517-533.
- Best LB, Campa H, Kemp KE, Robel RJ, Ryan MR, Savidge JA, Weeks HP, Winterstein SR (1997) Bird abundance and nesting in CRP fields and cropland in the Midwest: a regional approach. Wildlife Soc. Bull. 25, 864-877.
- Congalton RG (1996) Accuracy Assessment: A Critical Component of Land Cover Mapping. In: Scott JM, Tear TH, Davis F (eds), Gap Analysis: A Landscape Approach to Biodiversity Planning, American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, Maryland,119-131.
- Coppedge BR, Engle DM, Fuhlendorf SD, Masters RE, Gregory MS (2001) Landscape cover type and pattern dynamics in fragmented southern Great Plains grasslands. Landscape Ecology 16, 8, 677-690.
- Crews-Meyer KA (2001) Assessing landscape change and population-environment interactions via panel analysis. Geocarto International 16, 4, 69-79.
- Crews-Meyer KA (2002) Characterizing Landscape Dynamism via Paneled-Pattern Metrics. Phoyogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 68, 10, 1031-1040.
- Fahrig L (1997) Relative affects of habitat loss and fragmentation on population extinction. Journal of Wildlife Management 61, 3, 603-610.
- Foody GM (1992) On the compensation for chance agreement in image classification accuracy assessment. Photogrammetric Enginering and Remote Sensing 58, 1459-1460.
- Forman RTT (1995) Landscape Mosaics: The Ecology of Landscapes and Regions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
- Forman RTT, Godron M (1986) Landscape Ecology. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York.
- Haines-Young R, Green DR, Cousins SH (1993) Landscape Ecology and GIS. Taylor and Francis, London.
- Helzer CJ, Jelinski DE (1999) The relative importance of patch area and perimeter-area ratio to grassland breeding birds. Ecological Applications 9, 1448-1458.
- Herkert JR (1994) The effects of habitat fragmentation on midwestern grassland bird communities. Ecological Applications 4, 461-471.
- Jensen JR (1996) Introductory Digital Image Processing: a Remote Sensing Perspective. Prentice- Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
- Jensen JR (2000) Remote Sensing of the Environment an Earth Resource Perspective. Prentice Hall Series in Geographic Information Science, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
- Johnson DH, Schwartz MD (1993) The Conservation reserve program and grassland birds. Conservation Biology 7, 934-937.
- Lambin EF, Turner II BL, Geist HJ, Agbola S, Angelsen A, Bruce JW, Coomes O, Dirzo R, Fischer G, Folke C, George PS, Homewood K, Imbernon J, Leemans R, Li X, Moran EF, Mortimore M, Ramakrishnan PS, Richards JF, Skånes H, Steffen W, Stone GD, Svedin U, Veldkamp T, Vogel C, Xu J (2001) The Causes of Land-Use and Land-Cover Change: Moving Beyond The Myths. Global Environmental Change: Human and Policy Dimensions 11, 4, 5-13.
- Lauer DT, Morain SA, Salomonson VV (1997) The Landsat program: Its origins, evolution, and impacts. Photogrammetric Enginering and Remote Sensing 63, 831-838.
- Lavers C, Haines-Young R (1993) Equilibrium Landscapes and Their Aftermath: Spatial Heterogeneity and the Role of New Technology. In: Haines-Young R, Green D, Cousins S (eds.), Landscape Ecology and Geographic Information System, Taylor & Francis, London, 57-74.
- Marsh GP (1864) Man and nature: or Physical Geography as Modified by Human Action. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
- McGarigal K, Cushman SA (2005) The Gradient Concept of Landscape Structure. In: Wiens J, Moss M (eds.), Issues and Perspectives in Landscape Ecology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 112-119. McGarigal K, Marks BJ (1995) FRAGSTATS: Spatial Pattern Analysis Program for Quantifying Landscape Structure. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, General Technical Report, PNW-GTR-351, Portland, Oregon.
- Miladenoff DJ, Sickley TA, Haight RG, Wydeven AP (1995) A regional landscape analysis and prediction of favorable grey wolf habitat in the Northern Great Lakes region. Conservation Biology 9, 2, 279-294.
- Milne BT (1988) Measuring the fractal geometry of landscapes. Applied Mathematics and Computation 27, 67-79.
- Moore NW, Hooper MD (1975) On the number of bird species in British woods. Conservation Biology 8, 239-250.
- Naveh Z (1991) Some remarks on recent developments in landscape ecology as a transdisciplinarity ecological and geographical science. Landscape Ecology 5, 2, 65-73.
- Naveh Z, Dan J (1973) The Human Degradation of Mediterranean Landscapes in Israel. In: Castri F, Mooney HA (eds.), Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems, Origin and Structure, Springer-Verlag, New York, 370- 390.
- Naveh Z, Lieberman AS (1984) Landscape Ecology, Theory and Application. Springer-Verlag, New York.
- Orhan CR (1936) Balýkesir Coðrafyasý. Vilayet Matbaasý, Balýkesir. Pielou E (1977) Mathematical Ecology. John Wiley and sons, New York.
- Primack RB (1998) Essentials of Conservation Biology. Second Edition, Sinauer Associates, Inc. Sunderland, Massachusetts.
- Riebsame WE, Meyer WB, Turner BL II (1994) Modeling land-use and cover as part of global environmental change. Climate Change 28, 45-64.
- Rosenfield GH, Fitzpatrick-Lins K (1986) A coefficient of agreement as a measure of thematic classification accuracy. Photogrammetric Enginering and Remote Sensing 52, 223-227.
- Singh A (1989) Digital change detection techniques using remotely-sensed data. International Journal of Remote Sensing 10, 6, 989-1003.
- Soini K (2001) Exploring human dimensions of multifunctional landscapes through mapping and map-making. Landscape and Urban Planning 57, 225-239.
- Soykan A, Atalay Ý (2005) Landscape ecology of Biga Peninsul, Natural Environment and Civilization. In: Proceedings of the Third Turkish-Romanian Geographical Academic Seminer, September 15-24 2005, Zeytinli-Balýkesir, Turkey, 3-24.
- Temple SA (1986) Predicting Impacts of Habitat Fragmentation on Forest Birds: A Comparison of Two Models. In: Verner J, Morrison ML, Ralph CJ (eds.), Wildlife 2000: Modeling Habitat Relationships of Terrestrial Vertebrates. Univ. of Wisconsin Press, Madison, WI, 301-304.
- Thomas WL (1956) Man's Role in Changing the Face of the Earth. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
- Turner MG (1989) Landscape ecology: The effect of pattern on process. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 20, 171-197.
- Turner MG, Gardner RH, O'Neill RV (2001) Landscape Ecology in Theory and Practice: Pattern and Process. Springer-Verlag, New York.
- Tzanopoulos J, Mitchley J, Pantis J (2005) Modeling the effects of human activity on the vegetation of a northeast Mediterranean island. Applied Vegetation Science 8, 27-38.
- Vogelmann JE (1995) Assessment of forest fragmentation in southern New England using remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems technology. Conservation Biology 9, 2, 439-449.
- Weismiller RA, Kristoof SJ, Scholz DK, Anuta PE, Momen SA (1977) Change detection in coastal zone environments. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 43, 1533-1539.
- Whitcomb RF, Robbins CS, Lynch JF, Whitcomb BL, Klimhiewicz MK, Bystrak D (1981) Effects of Forest Fragmentation on Avifauna of the Eastern Deciduous Forest. In: Burgess RL, Sharpe DM (eds.), Forest island dynamics in man-dominated landscapes, Springer, New York, 125-206.
- Whitney GG, Runkle JR (1981) Edge versus age effects in the development of beech-maple forest. Oikos 37, 377-381.
- Wickware GM, Howarth PJ (1981) Change Detection in the Peace-Athabasca Delta Using Digital Landsat Data. Remote Sensing of Environment 11, 9-25.
- Wilcove DS (1987) From fragmentation to extinction. Natural Areas Journal 7, 23-29.
- Wilcox BA, Murphy DD (1985) Conservation strategy: The effects of fragmentation on extinction. American Naturalist 125, 879-887.
- Yuan D, Lunetta RS, Elvidge CD 1998. Survey of Multispectral methods for land cover change analysis. In: Lunetta RS, Elvidge C (eds.), Remote sensing change detection: environmental monitoring methods and applications, Ann Arbor Press, Chelsea, Mich, 21-39.
Sürdürülebilir Kentsel Gelişmede Açık-Yeşil Alanların Rolü “Kırıkkale, Türkiye Örneği”
Koray ÖZCAN
Issue: 60, Pages: 37-45, Year: 2006
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study is to estimate the planning principles of the urban open-green area system in Kýrýkkale for the future according to the potentials and dynamics of sustainable urban development. These estimations are based on the quantitative data obtained from Kýrýkkale city's 1/1.000 scale development plans along with reports and field surveys. The result of this study stated that the existing open-green areas in Kýrýkkale are far from satisfactory according to the quantity, and the spatial dispersion of urban open-green usages on the urban form is unbalanced and urban open-green areas have not been evaluated effectively according to the potentials and dynamics of sustainable urban development. By using findings, some suggestions relating with urban open-green system to the future are defined in terms of the sustainable urban development.
Keywords: Open-green areas, Kýrýkkale, sustainable urban development
REFERENCES
- Alberti M, Marzluff JM (2004) Ecological resilence in urban ecosystem: linking urban patterns to human and ecological functions. Urban Ecosystem 7, 241-265.
- Anonymous (1987) World Commission on Environment and Development, Our Common Future: The Brundtland Report. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
- Antrop M (2004) Landscape change and the urbanization process in Europe. Landscape and Urban Planning 67, 9-26.
- Beatley T (2000) Green Urbanism: Learning from European Cities. Island Press, Washington. Botkin DB, Beveridge CE (1997) Cities as environments. Urban Ecosystem 1, 3-19.
- Breheny MJ (1992) Sustainable Development and Urban Form: An Introduction. In: Breheny MJ (ed), Sustainable Development and Urban Form, Pion Ltd, London, 1-23.
- Burgess R (2000) The Compact City Debate: A Global Perspective. In: Burgess R, Jenks M (eds), Compact Cities: Sustainable Urban Forms for Developing Countries, Spon Press, New York, 9-24.
- Chiesura A (2004) The role of urban parks for the sustainable city. Landscape and Urban Planning 68, 129-138.
- Ersoy M (1994) Kentsel Alan Kullaným Normlarý. Ortadoðu Teknik Üniversitesi Mimarlýk Fakültesi Yayýnlarý, Ankara.
- Frey H (1999) Designing the City: Towards a More Sustainable Urban Form. E and FN Spon Press, New York.
- Gobster PH (1998) Urban parks as green walls or green magnets? Interracial relations in neighborhood boundary parks. Landscape and Urban Planning 41, 43-55.
- Haughton G (1997) Developing sustainable urban development model. Cities 14, 1, 189-195. Haughton G, Hunter C (1994) Sustainable Cities. Jessica Kingsley Press, London.
- Hourihan K (2000) Urban planning in the twentieth century. Urban History 27, 3, 384-396.
- Jim CY. (2004) Green-space preservation and allocation for sustainable greening of compact cities. Cities 21, 4, 311-320.
- Naes P (2001) Urban planning and sustainable development. European Planning Studies 9, 1, 503-524.
- Niemelä M (1999) Ecology and urban planning. Biodiversity and Conservation 8, 119-131. Özcan K (2000) Kýrýkkale Kenti Mevcut Arazi Kullaným Kararlarý ve Açýk-Yeþil Verilerinin Deðerlendirilmesi Üzerine Bir Araþtýrma. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
- Rees WE (1997) Urban ecosystem: the human dimension. Urban Ecosystem 1, 63-75.
- Solecki WD, Welch JM (1995) Urban parks: green spaces or green walls? Landscape and Urban Planning 32, 2, 93-106.
- Thompson CW (2002) Urban open-space in the 21st century. Landscape and Urban Planning 60, 59-72.
- Van Diepen A, Voogd H (2001) Sustainability and planning: does urban form matter? International Journal of Sustainable Development 4, 1, 59-74.
Türkiye'nin Ekonomik Değer Taşıyan Geofitlerinden Corydalis solida subsp. solida ve Corydalis conorhiza (Fumariaceae)'nin Anatomik Özellikleri
Semra KILIÇ, Ali İNCE, Hasan ÖZÇELİK
Issue: 60, Pages: 46-54, Year: 2006
[Abstract]
Full Text: (PDF)
[References]
ABSTRACT
Many geophytes in Turkey are grown naturally and a considerable amount of them are endemics. Recently most economically important geophytes have become endangered due to anthropogenic pressure factors. Therefore, understanding of their biological characteris-tics, threat factors and protection statuses deserve special importance.
In this study, the anatomical characteristics of two taxa, Corydalis solida subsp. solida and Corydalis conorhiza, belong to the genus Corydalis (Fumariaceae) distributed naturally in Turkey were investigated. Detailed explanations of root, stem and leaf anatomies are described. The herbaceous stems are turned into an empty canal. The vascular bundle in different size and numbers drew our attention to the stems of the investigated taxa. The stems have no cambium in both C. solida subsp. solida and C. conorhiza. The root is covered with xylem (metaxylem) components. The leaves are amphistomatic type and mesophylles are isolateral. Anthropogenic factors and status of the taxa are discussed in the light of literatures and our field observations.
Keywords: Anatomy, biodiversity, Corydalis, endangered plants
REFERENCES
- Baytop A (1972) Bitkisel Droglarýn Anatomik Yapýsý. Ýstanbul Üniv. Ecz. Fak. Yayýnlarý, Ýstanbul. Çolak AH, Sorger F (2004) Türkiye Çiçekleri. Lazer Ofset Matbaa Tesisleri San. ve Tic. Ltd. Þti., Ankara.
- Davis PH (1965) Flora of Turkey and the East Aegen Islands. Vol. I, Edinburgh Univ. Press, Edinburgh.
- Ekim T, Koyuncu M, Güner A, Erik S, Yýldýz B, Vural M (1991) Türkiye'nin Ekonomik Deðer Taþýyan Geofitleri Üzerinde Taksonomik ve Ekolojik Araþtýrmalar. T.C. Tarým ve Köyiþleri Bakanlýðý Orman Gn. Md. Yayýnlarý 269, Ankara.
- Ekim T, Koyuncu M, Vural M, Duman H, Aytaç Z, Adýgüzel N (2000) Türkiye Bitkileri Kýrmýzý Kitabý. Barýþcan Ofset, Ankara.
- Güner A, Özhatay N, Ekim T, Baþer KHC (2000) Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands (Supplement II). Vol. 11, Edinburgh Univ. Press, Edinburgh.
- Heywood VH (1993) Flowering Plants of the World. Oxford Univ. Press, New York.
- Liden M (1991) New Tuberous Species of Corydalis (Papaveraceae). Wildenowia 21, 1/2, 175-179. Liden M (1995) A Revision of Corydalis Sect. Fumarioides Liden: Part 2. Rheedea 5/1, 1-36.
- Meidner H, Mansfield TA (1968) Physiology of Stomata. Graw-Hill, New York. Metcalfe CR, Chalk L (1957) Anatomy of the Dicotyledons. I, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
- Özçelik H (1998) Corydalis rutifolia (Sibth. & Sm.) DC. (Papaveraceae)'nin Doðu Anadolu'daki Populasyonlarý Üzerinde Taksonomik ve Morfolojik Bir Çalýþma. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enst. Derg. 3, 1, 145-159.
- Öztürk M, Özçelik H (1991) Doðu Anadolu'nun Faydalý Bitkileri. Semih Ofset ve Matbaacýlýk, Ankara.
- Yentür S (1995) Bitki Anatomisi. Ýstanbul Üniversitesi Yayýnlarý, No: 3808, Ýstanbul.